| Introduction, Fundamental Definitions and Phenomena | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Some Fundamental Definitions | p. 1 |
| Basic Flame Types | p. 4 |
| Exercises | p. 8 |
| Experimental Investigation of Flames | p. 9 |
| Velocity Measurements | p. 10 |
| Density Measurement | p. 11 |
| Concentration Measurements | p. 13 |
| Temperature Measurements | p. 18 |
| Pressure Measurements | p. 20 |
| Measurement of Particle Sizes | p. 21 |
| Simultaneous Diagnostics | p. 22 |
| Exercises | p. 27 |
| Mathematical Description of Premixed Laminar Flat Flames | p. 29 |
| Conservation Equations for Laminar Flat Premixed Flames | p. 29 |
| Heat and Mass Transport | p. 33 |
| The Description of a Laminar Premixed Flat Flame Front | p. 33 |
| Exercises | p. 38 |
| Thermodynamics of Combustion Processes | p. 39 |
| The First Law of Thermodynamics | p. 39 |
| Standard Enthalpies of Formation | p. 41 |
| Heat Capacities | p. 43 |
| The Second Law of Thermodynamics | p. 44 |
| The Third Law of Thermodynamics | p. 45 |
| Equilibrium Criteria and Thermodynamic Variables | p. 46 |
| Equilibrium in Gas Mixtures; Chemical Potential | p. 47 |
| Determination of Equilibrium Compositions in Gases | p. 49 |
| Determination of Adiabatic Flame Temperatures | p. 51 |
| Tabulation of Thermodynamic Data | p. 52 |
| Exercises | p. 55 |
| Transport Phenomena | p. 57 |
| A Simple Physical Model of Transport Processes | p. 57 |
| Heat Conduction in Gases | p. 60 |
| Viscosity of Gases | p. 62 |
| Diffusion in Gases | p. 64 |
| Thermal Diffusion, Dufour Effect, and Pressure Diffusion | p. 66 |
| Comparison with Experiments | p. 67 |
| Exercises | p. 71 |
| Chemical Kinetics | p. 73 |
| Rate Laws and Reaction Orders | p. 73 |
| Relation of Forward and Reverse Reactions | p. 75 |
| Elementary Reactions, Reaction Molecularity | p. 75 |
| Experimental Investigation of Elementary Reactions | p. 77 |
| Temperature Dependence of Rate Coefficients | p. 79 |
| Pressure Dependence of Rate Coefficients | p. 81 |
| Surface Reactions | p. 84 |
| Exercises | p. 88 |
| Reaction Mechanisms | p. 91 |
| Characteristics of Reaction Mechanisms | p. 91 |
| Quasi-Steady States | p. 92 |
| Partial Equilibrium | p. 94 |
| Analysis of Reaction Mechanisms | p. 97 |
| Sensitivity Analysis | p. 97 |
| Reaction Flow Analysis | p. 101 |
| Eigenvalue Analyses of Chemical Reaction Systems | p. 103 |
| Stiffness of Ordinary Differential Equation Systems | p. 107 |
| Simplification of Reaction Mechanisms | p. 107 |
| Radical Chain Reactions | p. 115 |
| Exercises | p. 117 |
| Laminar Premixed Flames | p. 119 |
| Zeldovich's Analysis of Flame Propagation | p. 119 |
| Flame Structures | p. 121 |
| Flame Velocities | p. 124 |
| Sensitivity Analysis | p. 127 |
| Exercises | p. 128 |
| Laminar Nonpremixed Flames | p. 129 |
| Counterflow Nonpremixed Flames | p. 129 |
| Laminar Jet Nonpremixed Flames | p. 133 |
| Nonpremixed Flames With Fast Chemistry | p. 135 |
| Exercises | p. 138 |
| Ignition Processes | p. 141 |
| Semenov's Analysis of Thermal Explosions | p. 142 |
| Frank-Kamenetskii's Analysis of Thermal Explosions | p. 143 |
| Autoignition: Ignition Limits | p. 145 |
| Autoignition: Ignition-Delay Time | p. 148 |
| Induced Ignition, Minimum Ignition Energies | p. 149 |
| Spark Ignition | p. 153 |
| Detonations | p. 157 |
| Exercises | p. 163 |
| Low-Temperature Oxidation, Engine Knock | p. 165 |
| Fundamental Phenomena in Otto Engines | p. 165 |
| Oxidation at Intermediate Temperatures | p. 168 |
| Low-Temperature Oxidation | p. 169 |
| Ignition Processes in Reciprocating Engines | p. 173 |
| Knock Damages in Otto Engines | p. 173 |
| Ignition in Diesel Engines | p. 174 |
| The HCCI Concept | p. 175 |
| The DICI Concept | p. 177 |
| Exercises | p. 178 |
| The Navier-Stokes-Equations for Three-Dimensional Reacting Flow | p. 179 |
| The Conservation Equations | p. 179 |
| Overall Mass Conservation | p. 180 |
| Species Mass Conservation | p. 181 |
| Momentum Conservation | p. 181 |
| Energy Conservation | p. 182 |
| The Empirical Laws | p. 183 |
| Newton's Law | p. 183 |
| Fourier's Law | p. 184 |
| Fick's Law and Thermal Diffusion | p. 184 |
| Calculation of the Transport Coefficients from Molecular Parameters | p. 185 |
| Exercises | p. 185 |
| Turbulent Reacting Flows | p. 187 |
| Some Fundamental Phenomena | p. 187 |
| Direct Numerical Simulation | p. 189 |
| Concepts for Turbulence Modeling: Time- and Favre-Averaging | p. 192 |
| Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Equations | p. 194 |
| Turbulence Models | p. 196 |
| Mean Reaction Rates | p. 200 |
| Concepts for Turbulence Modeling: Probability Density Functions | p. 202 |
| Eddy-Break-Up Models | p. 206 |
| Turbulent Scales | p. 207 |
| Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) | p. 209 |
| Exercises | p. 211 |
| Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames | p. 213 |
| Nonpremixed Flames with Equilibrium Chemistry | p. 214 |
| Finite-Rate Chemistry in Nonpremixed Flames | p. 217 |
| Flame Extinction | p. 221 |
| PDF-Simulations of Turbulent Non-Premixed Flames Using a Monte-Carlo Method | p. 224 |
| Exercises | p. 226 |
| Turbulent Premixed Flames | p. 227 |
| Classification of Turbulent Premixed Flames | p. 227 |
| Flamelet Models | p. 230 |
| Flamelet Modelling Using a Reaction Progress Variable | p. 231 |
| Flamelet Modelling Using a Level-Set Method | p. 232 |
| Turbulent Flame Velocity | p. 233 |
| Flame Extinction | p. 235 |
| Other Models of Turbulent Premixed Combustion | p. 237 |
| Exercises | p. 238 |
| Combustion of Liquid and Solid Fuels | p. 239 |
| Droplet Combustion | p. 239 |
| Combustion of Single Droplets | p. 240 |
| Combustion of Droplet Groups | p. 244 |
| Spray Combustion | p. 246 |
| Formation of Sprays | p. 246 |
| Spray Combustion Modes | p. 247 |
| Statistical Description of Sprays | p. 249 |
| Modeling of Turbulent Spray Combustion | p. 252 |
| Flamelet-Type Models for Spray Combustion | p. 253 |
| Coal Combustion | p. 255 |
| Pyrolysis of Coal | p. 255 |
| Burning of Volatile Compounds | p. 256 |
| Burning of the Coke | p. 256 |
| Coal Gasification | p. 257 |
| Exercises | p. 258 |
| Formation of Nitric Oxides | p. 259 |
| Thermal NO (Zeldovich NO) | p. 259 |
| Prompt NO (Fenimore NO) | p. 262 |
| NO Generated via Nitrous Oxide | p. 265 |
| Conversion of Fuel Nitrogen into NO | p. 265 |
| NO Reduction by Combustion Modifications | p. 267 |
| Catalytic Combustion | p. 271 |
| NO Reduction by Post-Combustion Processes | p. 272 |
| Exercises | p. 275 |
| Formation of Hydrocarbons and Soot | p. 277 |
| Unburnt Hydrocarbons | p. 277 |
| Flame Extinction Due to Strain | p. 278 |
| Flame Extinction at Walls and in Gaps | p. 278 |
| Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) | p. 280 |
| The Phenomenology of Soot Formation | p. 283 |
| Modelling and Simulation of Soot Formation | p. 287 |
| Exercises | p. 296 |
| Effects of Combustion Processes on the Atmosphere | p. 297 |
| The Structure of the Atmosphere | p. 297 |
| Pressure in the Atmosphere | p. 297 |
| Temperature and Classification of Compartments in the Atmosphere | p. 299 |
| Composition of the Atmosphere | p. 300 |
| The Atmosphere as a Photochemical System | p. 300 |
| Lambert-Beer Law | p. 300 |
| Stern-Vollmer Equation | p. 301 |
| Formation of Photochemical Layers | p. 302 |
| Incoming Sun Radiation, Photochemical Primary Processes | p. 303 |
| Physical Processes in the Atmosphere | p. 305 |
| Conservation of the Mass of Species | p. 305 |
| Conservation of Energy | p. 306 |
| Solution of the Conservation Equations | p. 307 |
| Chemistry of the Unpolluted Atmosphere | p. 307 |
| Pure Oxygen Atmosphere | p. 307 |
| Oxygen-Nitrogen-Hydrogen-Carbon Atmosphere | p. 308 |
| Chemistry of the Polluted Atmosphere | p. 310 |
| Photochemical Smog | p. 310 |
| Supersonic Transports | p. 314 |
| Green-House Effect | p. 315 |
| Acid rain | p. 316 |
| The Role of Combustion Sources in Atmospheric Pollution | p. 317 |
| Appendix 1: Mathematics | p. 319 |
| Some Definitions and Laws for Vectors and Tensors | p. 319 |
| Formulation of the Problem | p. 320 |
| General Remarks on Solution Algorithms for ODE Systems | p. 321 |
| Euler Method | p. 322 |
| Extrapolation Method | p. 324 |
| Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equation Systems | p. 325 |
| Spatial Discretization | p. 326 |
| Initial Values, Boundary Conditions, Stationary Solution | p. 328 |
| Explicit Solution Methods | p. 329 |
| Implicit Solution Methods | p. 330 |
| Semi-implicit Solution of Partial Differential Equations | p. 330 |
| Implicit Solution of Partial Differential Equations | p. 331 |
| Appendix 2: Reaction Mechanisms | p. 333 |
| Mechanism of the Oxidation of H[subscript 2], CO, C[subscript 1] and C[subscript 2] Hydrocarbons | p. 333 |
| Reaction Mechanism of the Generation and Consumption of NOx | p. 340 |
| References | p. 345 |
| Index | p. 367 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |