Colloidal Dispersions

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Paperback | 25 May 1992

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This book covers the physical side of colloidal science from the individual forces acting between particles smaller than a micrometer that are suspended in a liquid, through the resulting equilibrium and dynamic properties. A variety of internal forces both attractive and repulsive act in conjunction with Brownian motion and the balance between them all decides the phase behaviour. On top of this various external fields, such as gravity or electromagnetic fields, diffusion and non-Newtonian rheology produce complex effects, each of which is of important scientific and technological interest. The authors aim to impart a sound, quantitative understanding based on fundamental theory and experiments with well-characterised model systems. This broad grasp of the fundamentals lends insight and helps to develop the intuitive sense needed to isolate essential features of the technological problems and design critical experiments. The main prerequisites for understanding the book are basic fluid mechanics, statistical mechanics and electromagnetism, though self contained reviews of each subject are provided at appropriate points. Some facility with differential equations is also necessary. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter, making the work suitable as a textbook for graduate courses in chemical engineering or applied mathematics. It will also be useful as a reference for individuals in academia or industry undertaking research in colloid science.

Industry Reviews

'Many readers, in particular theoreticians, will find it quite useful in developing a clear understanding of the advanced theory of colloidal systems and how it is related to experiment...[an] excellent but advanced book.' Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 'Colloidal Dispersions clearly sets a high standard for the teaching and understanding of colloid science in terms of relating microstructure to macroscopic behavior. There is no question that it is a necessary reference for anyone seriously interested in colloid science.' Langmuir

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Non-Fiction Mathematics Applied Mathematics Mathematical Modelling Science Chemistry Physical Chemistry Colloid Chemistry Physics Classical Mathematics Fluid Mechanics

Frontispiece
Preface	p. xiii
Units and physical constants	p. xvi
Mathematical symbols	p. xviii
A Survey of Colloidal Dispersions	p. 1
Colloidal phenomena	p. 1
Historical notes	p. 7
Recent developments	p. 9
The classification of colloids	p. 12
An overview	p. 14
References	p. 18
Hydrodynamics	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
Description of the motion of continuous media	p. 22
Two simple flow fields	p. 25
Steady laminar shear	p. 25
Potential flow past a sphere	p. 28
Characteristics of Stokes flow	p. 30
Singular solutions to the Stokes equations	p. 31
Dynamics of isolated spheres	p. 35
Unsteady translation of spheres	p. 42
Two spheres translating through a quiescent fluid	p. 44
Two spheres in a shear flow	p. 53
Summary	p. 60
References	p. 62
Problems	p. 63
Brownian Motion	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
The Langevin equation	p. 66
Brownian motion and diffusion	p. 68
Measurement by photon correlation spectroscopy	p. 72
Pair interactions	p. 76
Brownian dynamics	p. 82
Summary	p. 84
References	p. 85
Problems	p. 86
Electrostatics	p. 88
Introduction	p. 88
Electrostatic fields	p. 89
Boundary conditions	p. 92
The electric stress tensor	p. 94
The origins of interfacial charge	p. 96
The Gouy-Chapman model of the diffuse layer	p. 99
The diffuse layer near a flat plate	p. 101
The diffuse layer around a sphere	p. 109
Repulsion between charged plates	p. 111
Repulsion between charged spheres	p. 115
Tests of the Gouy-Chapman theory	p. 120
Summary	p. 123
References	p. 124
Problems	p. 126
Dispersion forces	p. 129
Introduction	p. 129
Intermolecular forces and the microscopic theory	p. 130
Overview of the continuum theory	p. 136
Dielectric response of materials	p. 138
Theory for flat plates	p. 142
Solution of the boundary value problem	p. 142
Interaction potential	p. 145
Effect of electrolyte	p. 146
Calculations for specific materials	p. 147
Geometrical effects: the Derjaguin approximation	p. 149
Direct measurements	p. 150
A simplified approximation for flat plates	p. 153
Interactions between spheres	p. 156
Summary	p. 158
References	p. 159
Problems	p. 160
Forces due to soluble polymer	p. 162
Introduction	p. 163
Polymers in solution	p. 164
General features	p. 164
Thermodynamic functions	p. 168
Self-consistent field theory	p. 172
Application to bulk solutions	p. 176
Terminally anchored polymers	p. 176
Structure of isolated layers	p. 176
Interactions between layers: ideal solutions	p. 181
Interactions between layers: good and poor solvents	p. 183
Experimental results	p. 186
Non-adsorbing polymer	p. 189
Adsorbing polymer	p. 194
Structure of isolated layers	p. 194
Interactions between adsorbed layers	p. 201
Summary	p. 205
References	p. 206
Problems	p. 209
Electrokinetic phenomena	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
Examples of electrokinetic phenomena	p. 211
A model problem	p. 212
Electrophoresis	p. 215
Scale analysis	p. 216
A thick diffuse layer	p. 219
A thin diffuse layer	p. 220
Electrophoresis with an equilibrium diffuse layer	p. 222
Effects due to deformation of the diffuse layer	p. 223
Measurements of electrophoretic mobilities	p. 227
Comparisons between theory and experiment	p. 229
Electrical conductivity of dilute suspensions	p. 231
Maxwell's theory	p. 231
Diffuse layer effects	p. 232
Comparisons between theory and experiment	p. 235
Dilute suspensions with alternating electric fields	p. 238
The leaky dielectric	p. 239
Maxwell-Wagner theory	p. 241
Behavior of suspensions of colloidal particles	p. 243
Summary	p. 252
References	p. 253
Problems	p. 256
Electrostatic stabilization	p. 258
Introduction	p. 258
Interparticle potential and criteria for stability	p. 260
Conservation equations for probability densities	p. 262
Initial stage of Brownian flocculation	p. 267
Predictions of the stability ratio	p. 271
Measurements of doublet formation rates	p. 274
Growth and structure of large flocs	p. 279
Doublet formation in shear flows	p. 289
Diffusion dominated flocculation: Pe [double less-than sign] 1	p. 289
Convection dominated flocculation: Pe [double greater-than sign] 1	p. 292
Growth of large aggregates in shear	p. 298
Criteria for mechanical stability	p. 299
Experimental studies of shear flocculation	p. 303
Summary	p. 305
References	p. 305
Problems	p. 308
Polymeric stabilization	p. 310
Introduction	p. 310
Criteria for stability	p. 312
Interaction potential between spheres with polymer layers	p. 313
Stability with respect to dispersion forces	p. 315
Critical flocculation point	p. 316
Measurements of critical flocculation point	p. 319
Summary	p. 327
References	p. 327
Problems	p. 328
Equilibrium phase behavior	p. 329
Introduction	p. 329
The statistical mechanical approach	p. 332
Equilibrium properties of dilute suspensions	p. 334
Perturbation theory	p. 335
Suspensions of hard spheres	p. 338
Disorder-order transition for charged spheres	p. 343
Phase transitions induced by dissolved polymer	p. 349
Application of the perturbation theory	p. 350
Hard spheres in ideal polymer solutions	p. 352
Electrostatically stabilized dispersions	p. 353
Polymerically stabilized dispersions	p. 357
Summary	p. 360
References	p. 361
Problems	p. 364
Particle capture	p. 366
Introduction	p. 366
Capture efficiency and the filter coefficient	p. 367
Scale analysis	p. 370
Capture of non-Brownian particles	p. 374
Inertial capture	p. 375
Capture with attractive forces	p. 377
Capture with electrostatic repulsion	p. 380
Capture of Brownian particles	p. 383
Experimental measurements	p. 387
Experiments with rotating discs	p. 388
Experiments with packed beds	p. 389
Summary	p. 391
References	p. 391
Problems	p. 393
Sedimentation	p. 394
Introduction	p. 394
Ensemble average velocities	p. 396
Monodisperse suspensions of spheres	p. 400
Polydisperse suspensions of spheres	p. 405
Theory of batch settling	p. 411
Hard spheres at infinite Peclet number	p. 414
Hard spheres at finite Peclet number	p. 423
Summary	p. 425
References	p. 426
Problems	p. 427
Diffusion	p. 429
Introduction	p. 429
Gradient diffusion of monodisperse spheres	p. 432
Equilibrium in the presence of an external potential	p. 437
Principles of photon correlation spectroscopy	p. 441
Initial decay of the autocorrelation functions	p. 444
Wavenumber-dependent diffusion coefficient	p. 447
Summary	p. 452
References	p. 453
Problems	p. 454
Rheology
Introduction	p. 456
Characterization of rheological behavior	p. 457
Dimensional analysis	p. 464
Hard spheres	p. 466
Charged spheres	p. 471
Polymerically stabilized spheres	p. 477
Weakly flocculated dispersions	p. 481
Motivation for pair interaction theories	p. 488
Non-equilibrium microstructure	p. 488
Macroscopic stresses	p. 493
Results and comparison with experiment	p. 497
Summary	p. 503
References	p. 503
Problems	p. 505
Measured properties	p. 507
Vector and tensor notation	p. 508
Author index	p. 511
Subject index	p. 517
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Colloidal Dispersions

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