| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Historical Perspective of Optical Communications | p. 2 |
| Optical Transmission and Optical Networking | p. 4 |
| Optical Communications Trends | p. 9 |
| Migration to 100 Gb/s Ethernet and Beyond | p. 9 |
| Dynamically Reconfigurable Optical Networks | p. 10 |
| Software-Defined Optical Transmission | p. 11 |
| Digital Signal Processing and Coherent Detection | p. 13 |
| OFDM for Optical Communications | p. 14 |
| Forward Error Correction for Optical Communications and Networks | p. 16 |
| Organization of the Book | p. 20 |
| References | p. 22 |
| Fundamentals of Optical Communication | p. 25 |
| Introduction | p. 25 |
| Key Optical Components | p. 26 |
| Optical Transmitters | p. 30 |
| Optical Receivers | p. 35 |
| Optical Fibers | p. 37 |
| Optical Amplifiers | p. 40 |
| Other Optical Components | p. 44 |
| Direct Detection Modulation Schemes | p. 49 |
| Non-Return-to-Zero | p. 49 |
| Return-to-Zero | p. 50 |
| Alternate Mark Inversion | p. 50 |
| Duobinary Modulation Format | p. 51 |
| Carrier-Suppressed Return-to-Zero | p. 52 |
| NRZ-DPSK | p. 54 |
| RZ-DPSK | p. 54 |
| Coherent Detection Modulation Schemes | p. 55 |
| Optical Hybrids and Balanced Receivers | p. 61 |
| Dominant Coherent Detector Noise Sources | p. 63 |
| Homodyne Coherent Detection | p. 67 |
| Phase Diversity Receivers | p. 68 |
| Polarization Control and Polarization Diversity | p. 69 |
| Polarization Multiplexing and Coded Modulation | p. 70 |
| Summary | p. 72 |
| References | p. 72 |
| Channel Impairments and Optical Communication Systems Engineering | p. 75 |
| Noise Sources | p. 75 |
| Mode Partition Noise | p. 76 |
| Reflection-Induced Noise | p. 76 |
| Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) and Laser Phase Noise | p. 76 |
| Modal Noise | p. 78 |
| Quantum Shot Noise | p. 79 |
| Dark Current Noise | p. 80 |
| Thermal Noise | p. 80 |
| Spontaneous Emission Noise | p. 80 |
| Noise Beat Components | p. 81 |
| Crosstalk Components | p. 82 |
| Channel Impairments | p. 84 |
| Fiber Attenuation | p. 84 |
| Insertion Losses | p. 85 |
| Chromatic Dispersion and Single Mode Fibers | p. 85 |
| Multimode Dispersion and Multimode Fibers | p. 94 |
| Polarization-Mode Dispersion | p. 97 |
| Fiber Nonlinearities | p. 100 |
| Transmission System Performance Assessment and System Design | p. 110 |
| Quantum Limit for Photodetection | p. 112 |
| Shot Noise and Thermal Noise Limit | p. 113 |
| Receiver Sensitivity for Receivers with Optical Preamplifier | p. 114 |
| Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 114 |
| Power Penalty Due to Extinction Ratio | p. 115 |
| Power Penalty Due to Intensity Noise | p. 115 |
| Power Penalty Due to Timing Jitter | p. 116 |
| Power Penalty Due to GVD | p. 116 |
| Power Penalty Due to Signal Crosstalk | p. 117 |
| Accumulation Effects | p. 117 |
| Systems Design | p. 119 |
| Optical Performance Monitoring | p. 120 |
| Summary | p. 121 |
| References | p. 121 |
| Channel Coding for Optical Channels | p. 123 |
| Channel Coding Preliminaries | p. 124 |
| Linear Block Codes | p. 130 |
| Generator Matrix for Linear Block Code | p. 131 |
| Parity-Check Matrix for Linear Block Code | p. 132 |
| Distance Properties of Linear Block Codes | p. 134 |
| Coding Gain | p. 135 |
| Syndrome Decoding and Standard Array | p. 137 |
| Important Coding Bounds | p. 141 |
| Cyclic Codes | p. 142 |
| Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Codes | p. 148 |
| Galois Fields | p. 148 |
| The Structure and Decoding of BCH Codes | p. 151 |
| Reed-Solomon Codes, Concatenated Codes, and Product Codes | p. 158 |
| Trellis Description of Linear Block Codes and Viterbi Algorithm | p. 161 |
| Convolutional Codes | p. 166 |
| Distance Properties of Convolutional Codes | p. 172 |
| Bounds on the Bit-Error Ratio of Convolutional Codes | p. 174 |
| Summary | p. 176 |
| References | p. 177 |
| Graph-Based Codes | p. 179 |
| Overview of Graph-Based Codes | p. 179 |
| Convolutional Turbo Codes | p. 181 |
| Performance Characteristics of Parallel and Serial Turbo Codes | p. 182 |
| The PCCC Iterative Decoder | p. 184 |
| The SCCC Iterative Decoder | p. 191 |
| Block Turbo Codes | p. 193 |
| Overview of Turbo Decoding of BTCs | p. 193 |
| LDPC Codes | p. 196 |
| Matrix Representation | p. 196 |
| Graphical Representation | p. 197 |
| LDPC Code Design Approaches | p. 198 |
| LDPC Decoding Algorithms | p. 199 |
| Reduced Complexity Decoders | p. 202 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 205 |
| References | p. 205 |
| Coded Modulation | p. 207 |
| Multilevel Modulation Schemes | p. 207 |
| Single-Carrier-Coded Modulation Schemes | p. 211 |
| Multidimensional Coded Modulation Schemes | p. 218 |
| Coded OFDM in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems | p. 223 |
| Coded OFDM in Fiber-optics Communication Systems with Direct Detection | p. 224 |
| Coded OFDM in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Coherent Detection | p. 231 |
| Summary | p. 244 |
| References | p. 245 |
| Turbo Equalization in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems | p. 249 |
| Channel Equalization Preliminaries | p. 250 |
| Turbo Equalization in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Direct Detection | p. 257 |
| Description of LDPC-Coded Turbo Equalizer | p. 258 |
| Large-Girth LDPC Codes | p. 262 |
| Suppression of Intrachannel Nonlinearities by LDPC-Coded Turbo Equalization | p. 265 |
| Chromatic Dispersion Compensation | p. 267 |
| PMD Compensation | p. 269 |
| Multilevel Turbo Equalization in Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Coherent Detection | p. 271 |
| Description of Multilevel Turbo Equalizer | p. 271 |
| Mitigation of Intrachannel Nonlinearities by LDPC-Coded Turbo Equalization Based on Multilevel BCJR Algorithm | p. 277 |
| PMD Compensation in Polarization Multiplexed Multilevel Modulations by Turbo Equalization | p. 279 |
| Summary | p. 282 |
| References | p. 282 |
| Constrained Coding for Optical Communication | p. 285 |
| Introduction | p. 285 |
| Fundamentals of Constrained Systems | p. 286 |
| Construction of Finite-State Encoders | p. 290 |
| Decoders for Constrained Codes | p. 294 |
| Applications to Optical Communications | p. 299 |
| Use of Constrained Encoding | p. 300 |
| Combined Constrained and Error Control Coding | p. 305 |
| Deliberate Error Insertion | p. 306 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 308 |
| References | p. 309 |
| Coding for Free-space Optical Channels | p. 311 |
| Atmospheric Turbulence Channel Modeling | p. 312 |
| Zero Inner Scale | p. 313 |
| Nonzero Inner Scale | p. 313 |
| Temporal Correlation FSO Channel Model | p. 315 |
| Coded MIMO FSO Communication | p. 317 |
| LDPC-Coded MIMO Concept and Space-Time Coding | p. 317 |
| Bit-Interleaved LDPC-coded Pulse-Amplitude Modulation | p. 322 |
| Bit-Interleaved LDPC-coded Pulse-Position Modulation | p. 326 |
| FSO-OFDM Transmission System | p. 328 |
| OFDM in Hybrid Optical Networks | p. 337 |
| Hybrid Optical Networks | p. 338 |
| Description of Receiver and Transmission Diversity Scheme | p. 341 |
| Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Optical Networks | p. 343 |
| Raptor Codes for Temporally Correlated FSO Channels | p. 346 |
| Summary | p. 350 |
| References | p. 350 |
| Optical Channel Capacity | p. 353 |
| Channel Capacity Preliminaries | p. 354 |
| Calculation of Information Capacity by Forward Recursion of BCJR Algorithm | p. 360 |
| Information Capacity of Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Direct Detection | p. 364 |
| Information Capacity of Multilevel Fiber-Optics Communication Systems with Coherent Detection | p. 370 |
| On the Channel Capacity of Optical OFDM Systems for ASE-Noise-Dominated Scenario | p. 372 |
| Power-Variable Rate-Adaptive Polarization-Multiplexed Coherent-Coded OFDM | p. 373 |
| Adaptive-Coded OFDM for Communication Over GI-POF Links | p. 376 |
| Adpative-Coded OFDM for Radio-over-Fiber Technologies | p. 378 |
| On the Channel Capacity of Hybrid Free-Space Optical-Wireless Channels | p. 381 |
| Hybrid FSO-Wireless System Description | p. 381 |
| Adaptive Modulation and Coding | p. 384 |
| On the Channel Capacity of Optical MIMO MMF Systems | p. 391 |
| References | p. 396 |
| Future Research Directions in Coding for Optical Channels | p. 399 |
| Binary QC-LDPC Codes of Large Girth | p. 401 |
| Design of Large-Girth QC-LDPC Codes | p. 401 |
| FPGA Implementation of Large-Girth LDPC Codes | p. 402 |
| Nonbinary QC-LDPC Codes | p. 405 |
| Nonbinary LDPC-Coded Modulation for Beyond 100 Gb/s Transmission | p. 408 |
| Adaptive Nonbinary LDPC-Coded Modulation | p. 413 |
| Adaptive LDPC-Coded OFDM | p. 416 |
| Generalized LDPC Codes | p. 420 |
| LDPC-Coded Hybrid Frequency/Amplitude/Phase/Polarization Modulation | p. 424 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 428 |
| References | p. 429 |
| Index | p. 433 |
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