| Preface | p. v |
| Acknowledgments | p. vii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Definitions: ASIC and custom | p. 1 |
| What is a standard cell ASIC methodology? | p. 3 |
| Who should care about this book? | p. 6 |
| Organization of the rest of the book | p. 8 |
| What's not in this book | p. 9 |
| Contributing Factors | |
| Overview of the Factors Affecting the Power Consumption | p. 11 |
| Introduction | p. 11 |
| Process technology independent FO4 delay metric | p. 12 |
| Components of power consumption | p. 14 |
| ASIC and custom power comparison | p. 15 |
| Factors contributing to ASICs being higher power | p. 19 |
| Summary | p. 47 |
| Pipelining to Reduce the Power | p. 55 |
| Introduction | p. 57 |
| Pipelining overheads | p. 61 |
| Pipelining power and delay model | p. 67 |
| ASIC versus custom pipelining | p. 74 |
| Other factors affecting the power gap | p. 81 |
| Other factors affecting the minimum energy per operation | p. 81 |
| Summary | p. 84 |
| Voltage Scaling | p. 89 |
| Introduction | p. 89 |
| Delay | p. 90 |
| Switching power | p. 94 |
| Short circuit power | p. 95 |
| Leakage power | p. 97 |
| 0.13um data for total power | p. 99 |
| Summary | p. 104 |
| Design Techniques | |
| Methodology to Optimize Energy of Computation for SOCs | p. 107 |
| Introduction | p. 107 |
| Problem definition and solution approach | p. 109 |
| Optimization methodology | p. 110 |
| Experimental results | p. 113 |
| Summary | p. 119 |
| Linear Programming for Gate Sizing | p. 121 |
| Introduction | p. 121 |
| Overview of TILOS gate sizing | p. 124 |
| Linear programming formulation | p. 126 |
| Optimization flow | p. 137 |
| Comparison of gate sizing results | p. 140 |
| Computational runtime | p. 143 |
| Summary | p. 147 |
| Linear Programming for Multi-Vth and Multi-Vdd Assignment | p. 151 |
| Introduction | p. 151 |
| Voltage level restoration for multi-Vdd | p. 155 |
| Previous multi-Vdd and multi-Vth optimization research | p. 156 |
| Optimizing with multiple supply and threshold voltages | p. 160 |
| Comparison of multi-Vdd and multi-Vth results | p. 167 |
| Analysis of power savings with multi-Vth and multi-Vdd | p. 171 |
| Computational runtimes with multi-Vdd and multi-Vth | p. 185 |
| Summary | p. 186 |
| Power Optimization using Multiple Supply Voltages | p. 189 |
| Introduction | p. 189 |
| Overview of CVS and ECVS | p. 192 |
| Greedy ECVS: a new dual-VDD assignment algorithm | p. 196 |
| Power savings with CVS and GECVS | p. 199 |
| Gate sizing and dual-Vth assignment | p. 201 |
| Power savings with VVS and GVS | p. 211 |
| Summary | p. 214 |
| Placement for Power Optimization | p. 219 |
| Introduction | p. 219 |
| Placement basics | p. 221 |
| Physical synthesis | p. 226 |
| Multiple supply voltage placement | p. 239 |
| State of the art | p. 242 |
| Summary | p. 246 |
| Power Gating Design Automation | p. 251 |
| Introduction | p. 251 |
| Leakage control techniques | p. 252 |
| Power gating design issues | p. 255 |
| Coolpower design automation | p. 262 |
| Application flows | p. 269 |
| Results | p. 272 |
| Future work | p. 277 |
| Summary | p. 278 |
| Verification for Multiple Supply Voltage Designs | p. 281 |
| Introduction | p. 281 |
| Multiple voltage definitions and scenarios | p. 283 |
| Design examples | p. 290 |
| Summary | p. 297 |
| Winning the Power Struggle in an Uncertain Era | p. 299 |
| Introduction | p. 299 |
| Process variability and its impact on power | p. 300 |
| Parametric yield estimation | p. 303 |
| Optimization techniques for yield: an overview | p. 305 |
| Efficient statistical parametric yield maximization | p. 308 |
| Summary | p. 319 |
| Design Examples | |
| Pushing ASIC Performance in a Power Envelope | p. 323 |
| Introduction | p. 324 |
| Power-performance trade-off with multi-Vdd and multi-Vth | p. 324 |
| Design issues in multi-Vdd ASICs | p. 332 |
| Case study | p. 344 |
| Summary | p. 353 |
| Low Power ARM 1136JF-S Design | p. 357 |
| Introduction | p. 357 |
| Project objective | p. 358 |
| Key decisions and implemenations | p. 362 |
| Results | p. 377 |
| Summary | p. 381 |
| Index | p. 383 |
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