Clonality

Preface PART I. BACKGROUND: LIKE BEGETS LIKE CHAPTER 1. CLONALITY WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL Clonality at the Gene Level: DNA Replication Clonality at the Genomic Level: Mitosis Clonality in the Cellular Cytoplasm: Mitochondrial DNA Clonality in the Sex Chromosomes Clonality Across the Somatic Cells CHAPTER 2. SEXUALITY: THE ANTITHESIS OF CLONALITY Sex at the Inter-chromosomal Level: Meiosis, Syngamy, and Mendel's Laws Sex at the Intra-chromosomal Level: DNA Recombination Via Crossing Over Recombination Versus Mutation as Sources of Genetic Variation The Paradox of Sex Sex and Death Cellular Autonomy and Immortality Synopsis Summary of Part I PART II. UNISEXUAL CLONALITY IN NATURE CHAPTER 3. REPRODUCTION BY THE CHASTE: PARTHENOGENESIS The Cast of Players Cellular and Genetic Mechanisms Evolution and Phylogeny Comparative Ecology and Natural History CHAPTER 4. RERODUCTION BY THE SEMI-CHASTE: GYNOGENESIS, HYBRIDOGENESIS, AND KLEPTOGENESIS The Cast of Players Cellular and Genetic Mechanisms Evolution and Phylogeny Comparative Ecology and Natural History Summary of Part II PART III. SEXUAL CLONALITY IN NATURE CHAPTER 5. CLONALITY IN UTERO: POLYEMBRYONY The Cast of Players Genetic and Embryological Mechanisms Ecology and Evolution CHAPTER 6. CLONALITY BY INCEST: HERMAPHRODITIC SELF-FERTILIZATION The Cast of Players Genetic and Reproductive Mechanisms Evolution and Ecology Summary of Part III PART IV. CLONALITY IN THE LABORATORY CHAPTER 7. HUMAN-SPONSORED CLONALITY Gene Cloning Whole-individual Cloning by Quasi-natural Mechanisms Whole-individual Cloning by Mechanisms Unknown in Nature Summary of Part IV Epilogue GLOSSARY