Chloroplasts

1 Historical Perspectives: The Beginnings of Research on Photosynthesis.- I. The Discovery of Chloroplasts.- II. Chemical Studies-The Development of Gas Chemistry.- III. The Phlogiston Theory.- IV. The Discovery of Photosynthesis.- V. Association of Photosynthesis with Chloroplasts.- VI. Development of a Major Research Tool-Isotopic Compounds.- VII. Summary.- Literature Cited.- Additional Reading.- 2 Structure of the Chloroplast.- I. Importance of the Membrane.- II. Structure of the Thylakoid Membrane.- III. Morphological Aspects of Photosynthetic Membranes.- IV. The Chloroplast Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Periplastidal Compartment.- V. Evolutionary Ontogeny of Chloroplast Structure.- VI. The Pyrenoid Body.- VII. Chloroplast Size and Number.- VIII. Summary.- Literature Cited.- Additional Reading.- 3 Characteristic Components of Chloroplast Membranes.- I. Purification of Chloroplasts.- II. Components of the Thylakoid Membrane.- A. Chlorophyll.- B. Carotenoid Pigments.- C. Galactosyl Diglycerides.- D. Minor Lipids.- E. Quinone Compounds.- F. Accessory Pigments.- G. Integral Membrane Proteins.- H. Chlorophyll-Protein Complexes.- I. Photosystem 1 and 2 Complexes.- J. Minor Membrane Polypeptides.- III. Components of the Chloroplast Stroma.- IV. Summary.- Literature Cited.- Additional Reading.- 4 The Process of Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions.- I. Introduction.- II. Primary Mechanisms of Photosynthesis.- III. Chemical Currency.- IV. The Flow of Electrons during Photosynthesis.- V. Membrane-Bound Electron Carriers.- A. Photosystem 2 (P680).- B. B Protein.- C. Plastoquinone.- D. Cytochromes.- E. Plastocyanin.- F. Photosystem 1 (P700).- G. Ferredoxin.- H. Ferredoxin-NADP+ Reductase.- VI. Topographical Arrangement of Electron Carriers.- VII. Evidence for Two Photosystems.- VIII. An Alternate Proposal.- IX. Regulation of Energy Distribution from Light-Harvesting Complexes by Protein Phosphorylation.- X. Formation of ATP.- XI. The Chloroplast Coupling Factor (CF1).- XII. Electron Transport in Photosynthetic Bacteria.- Additional Reading.- 5 The Process of Photosynthesis: The Dark Reactions.- I. Introduction.- II. Fixation of CO2.- A. The C3 Pathway-The Reductive Pentose-Phosphate Cycle.- B. The C4 Pathway-The Hatch-Slack Pathway.- C. The CAM Pathway.- D. The Reductive Carboxylic Acid Cycle.- III. Requirement of CO2 for O2 Evolution.- IV. Inhibition of CO2 Fixation by O2: Photorespiration.- V. Assimilation of Nitrogen and Sulfur.- VI. Summary for Chapters 4 and 5.- Literature Cited.- Additional Reading.- 6 The Chloroplast Genome and Its Expression.- I. Introduction.- 147II. Purification of Chloroplast DNA.- III. Chloroplast DNA Molecules Are Identical.- IV. Synthesis of Chloroplast DNA.- V. Inheritance of Chloroplast DNA.- VI. Expression of Chloroplast Genetic Information.- A. Chloroplast Ribosomes.- B. Transfer RNA.- C. Messenger RNA.- VII. Why Chloroplast DNA?.- VIII. Protein Synthesis.- A. Initiation.- B. Elongation.- C. Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases.- IX. Association of Ribosomes with Membranes.- X. Summary.- Literature Cited.- Additional Reading.- 7 Development of Chloroplasts: Structure and Function.- I. Introduction.- II. Etiolation of Chloroplasts.- III. Morphology of Chloroplast Development.- A. Higher Plants.- B. Algae.- IV. Site of Assembly of Thylakoid Membranes.- V. Chloroplast Development and the Chloroplast Endoplasmic Reticulum.- VI. Chromatophore Development in Photosynthetic Bacteria.- VII. Development of Function.- VIII. Development of Photosynthetic Units.- Additional Reading.- 8 Development of Chloroplasts: Biosynthetic Pathways and Regulation.- I. Introduction.- II. Chlorophyll.- A. Pathway of Biosynthesis.- B. Regulation of Chlorophyll Synthesis.- III. Lipids.- IV. Synthesis of Chloroplast Proteins.- A. Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase.- B. Regulation of Subunit Production.- C. Thylakoid Membrane Polypeptides.- D. Regulation of Assembly of the Chlorophyll a/b-Protein Complex.- V. How Are Polypeptides Taken up by Chloroplasts?.- VI. Processing of Incoming Chloroplast Proteins.- VII. Source of Chloroplast Proteins-A Summary.- VIII. Light and Chloroplast Development.- A. The Regulatory Factor Phytochrome.- B. Effects of Blue Light.- C. Are There Additional Light Receptors?.- IX. Symmary.- Literature Cited.- Additional Reading.- 9 Evolutionary Aspects of Chloroplast Development.- I. Evolutionary History of Chloroplasts.- II. Chloroplasts Resemble Prokaryotic Cells.- III. Development of Phylogenetic Trees.- IV. Was DNA Transferred from Chloroplast to Nucleus?.- V. Development of Photosynthetic Systems.- VI. Summary.- Literature Cited.- Additional Reading.