| Introduction | p. 1 |
| References | p. 4 |
| Chemotaxis--A Basic and Universal Phenomenon Among Microorganisms and Eukaryotic Cells | p. 7 |
| Introduction | p. 7 |
| Cell Motility Is a Basic and Universal Phenomenon Among Living Organisms | p. 10 |
| Active swimming by means of flagella and cilia | p. 10 |
| Swarming movements | p. 11 |
| Gliding and twitching movements | p. 12 |
| Crawling and amoeboid movements | p. 13 |
| Problems related to nomenclature | p. 14 |
| The Physiological Role of Chemotaxis: Sensory Aspects | p. 15 |
| Chemotaxis among the prokaryotes | p. 16 |
| Chemotaxis among eukaryotic organisms | p. 22 |
| The Role of Chemotaxis in Fertilization and Reproduction | p. 28 |
| The role of chemotaxis in fertilization | p. 29 |
| The role of gamones in the brown algae and in fungi | p. 30 |
| The role of gamones in the archegoniata | p. 31 |
| Embryophyta use chemotropism in fertilization | p. 34 |
| Relations to other eukaryotic chemosensory systems | p. 34 |
| The Role of Chemotaxis in Colonizing New Biotopes: Social Aspects | p. 36 |
| Problems related to tests in natural habitats | p. 36 |
| Cooperative consortia, biofilms, and other associations | p. 37 |
| Microbial associations in natural habitats | p. 39 |
| The Role of Chemotaxis in Differentiation Processes of Multicellular Organisms | p. 41 |
| The cytoskeleton is central in amoeboid crawling movements | p. 42 |
| Physical guidance must not be confused with chemotaxis | p. 43 |
| Model systems to analyze motility in differentiation processes | p. 44 |
| Conclusions | p. 47 |
| References | p. 48 |
| Bacterial Chemotaxis | p. 53 |
| Introduction | p. 53 |
| Bacterial Motility | p. 54 |
| Motility types | p. 54 |
| Bacterial flagella | p. 61 |
| Modes of swimming behavior | p. 84 |
| The gradient sensed by bacteria: temporal vs. spatial | p. 87 |
| Excitation and adaptation | p. 89 |
| Techniques to Measure Motility and Chemotaxis | p. 90 |
| Assays in which a gradient of the stimulant is established by diffusion | p. 90 |
| Population migration in a preformed liquid gradient | p. 95 |
| Ring forming assay on semisolid agar | p. 95 |
| Tracking free-swimming bacteria (behavioral assays) | p. 97 |
| Flagellar rotation | p. 98 |
| Chemotactic Stimuli for Bacteria | p. 101 |
| Types of stimuli | p. 101 |
| General characteristics of stimuli | p. 103 |
| Diversity of stimuli in different species | p. 104 |
| Are the stimuli themselves detected or their metabolic products? | p. 105 |
| Chemotaxis-Related Genes | p. 109 |
| Chemotaxis Receptors | p. 113 |
| Chemotaxis-specific receptors | p. 113 |
| Dual-function receptors | p. 123 |
| Chemorepellent receptors | p. 125 |
| Other Chemotaxis Proteins | p. 127 |
| CheA | p. 127 |
| CheB | p. 130 |
| CheR | p. 132 |
| CheW | p. 132 |
| CheY | p. 134 |
| CheZ | p. 143 |
| Signal Transduction During Chemotaxis | p. 147 |
| History | p. 147 |
| Mechanism of excitation | p. 147 |
| Mechanism of adaptation | p. 159 |
| A nonconventional signal transduction pathway in E. coli | p. 163 |
| Variations in signal transduction pathways in other bacterial species | p. 164 |
| References | p. 168 |
| Chemotaxis as a Means of Cell-Cell Communication in Bacteria | p. 216 |
| Introduction | p. 216 |
| Pattern Formation by E. coli and Salmonella | p. 217 |
| Pattern formation in minimal medium and the role of the Tar receptor | p. 217 |
| Pattern formation by Salmonella in complex medium | p. 220 |
| A potential biological role for pattern formation in E. coli and Salmonella | p. 220 |
| Chemotaxis Systems in Bacterial Swarming | p. 221 |
| Swarming motility | p. 221 |
| Intercellular signaling and swarming | p. 222 |
| Pattern Formation in Paenibacilli | p. 224 |
| Paenibacillus dendritiformis morphotypes | p. 224 |
| Pattern formation by P. vortex | p. 226 |
| Morphotype "nebula" | p. 226 |
| Mutants of P. dendritiformis defective in pattern formation: phenotypes and reconstitution | p. 227 |
| Pattern formation by other bacteria | p. 230 |
| Chemotaxis in the Life Cycle of the Myxobacteria | p. 230 |
| Introduction to the myxobacteria | p. 230 |
| Direct evidence for chemotaxis | p. 234 |
| Sensory transduction systems | p. 237 |
| The role of intercellular signaling in development | p. 241 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 244 |
| References | p. 245 |
| Molecular Mechanisms of Chemotaxis in Amoebae | p. 253 |
| Introduction | p. 253 |
| Functions of amoeboid chemotaxis | p. 254 |
| Amoeboid Motility | p. 256 |
| The motility cycle | p. 257 |
| The cytoskeleton | p. 262 |
| Adhesion | p. 267 |
| The gradient sensed by amoebae: temporal vs. spatial sensing | p. 270 |
| Excitation and adaptation | p. 272 |
| Techniques to Measure Motility and Chemotaxis | p. 273 |
| Assays in which a gradient of the stimulant is established by diffusion | p. 274 |
| Assays utilizing global temporal increases (upshift) | p. 276 |
| Tracking amoebae in situ | p. 277 |
| Signal Transduction During Chemotaxis | p. 278 |
| Dictyostelium | p. 278 |
| Mesenchymal cells | p. 287 |
| Conclusion | p. 293 |
| References | p. 294 |
| Physiology and Molecular Mechanisms of Chemotaxis of White Blood Cells | p. 308 |
| Introduction | p. 308 |
| Neutrophil Chemoattractants | p. 309 |
| The Transition from Circulating to Migrating Cells | p. 310 |
| Neutrophil Migration | p. 315 |
| Overview | p. 315 |
| Assays of neutrophil motility | p. 317 |
| Cell Polarization | p. 328 |
| Morphological and behavioral aspects of polarization | p. 329 |
| Molecular aspects of polarization | p. 331 |
| Development of polarity | p. 332 |
| Two-Dimensional Versus Three-Dimensional Migration | p. 334 |
| Migration on a two-dimensional surface | p. 334 |
| Migration in a three-dimensional matrix | p. 335 |
| Force Generation During Migration | p. 336 |
| Lamellipodium extension | p. 336 |
| Traction | p. 338 |
| Rear retraction | p. 338 |
| Migratory Responses to Multiple Stimuli | p. 339 |
| Contact guidance | p. 339 |
| Multiple chemoattractants | p. 339 |
| Signal Transduction | p. 340 |
| Ligand-receptor binding and processing | p. 341 |
| Heterotrimeric G-proteins | p. 347 |
| G-protein effectors in neutrophils | p. 351 |
| Regulation of G-protein-effector coupling | p. 377 |
| Integration of the signaling pathways | p. 378 |
| References | p. 379 |
| Sperm Chemotaxis | p. 409 |
| Introduction | p. 409 |
| Sperm Motility | p. 409 |
| The flagellum | p. 410 |
| Flagellar function | p. 412 |
| Techniques for measuring sperm motility | p. 412 |
| Types of sperm motility in different species | p. 414 |
| Types of sperm motility within the female genital tract | p. 415 |
| Criteria and Assays for Sperm Chemotaxis | p. 418 |
| Accumulation assays | p. 419 |
| Directionality assays | p. 422 |
| Chemotaxis of Nonmammalian Spermatozoa | p. 424 |
| Chemotaxis of Mammalian Spermatozoa | p. 427 |
| Early observations interpreted as sperm chemotaxis | p. 428 |
| Recent studies of sperm chemotaxis in mammals | p. 429 |
| Mammalian sperm chemoattractants | p. 431 |
| Physiological significance of mammalian sperm chemotaxis | p. 436 |
| Species Specificity of Sperm Chemotaxis | p. 442 |
| Molecular Mechanism of Sperm Chemotaxis | p. 443 |
| Open questions | p. 445 |
| References | p. 445 |
| Chemotropic Guidance of Axons in the Nervous System | p. 456 |
| Growthcone Guidance by Short- and Long-Range Cues | p. 456 |
| Chemoattraction and Chemorepulsion in the Nervous System | p. 458 |
| Chemoattraction | p. 458 |
| Chemorepulsion | p. 462 |
| Molecular Mechanism of Chemoattraction and Chemorepulsion | p. 467 |
| Chemoattractants and chemorepellents | p. 467 |
| Switching Mechanism of Chemoattraction and Chemorepulsion | p. 470 |
| Future Challenges | p. 471 |
| References | p. 472 |
| Commonality and Diversity of Chemotaxis | p. 477 |
| Motility Mechanisms | p. 477 |
| Behavioral Mechanisms of Chemotaxis | p. 479 |
| Molecular Mechanisms of Chemotaxis | p. 480 |
| Other Taxes | p. 482 |
| Thermotaxis | p. 483 |
| Phototaxis | p. 484 |
| References | p. 485 |
| Index | p. 488 |
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