Foreword xiii
Preface xiv
Introduction xvi
Case 1 Steam Turbine Performance Degradation 1
1.1 Steam Turbine Types 2
1.1.1 Steam Turbine Components 5
1.1.2 Startup and Operation 7
1.1.3 Performance Monitoring and Analysis 10
1.1.4 Analyzing Performance Data – Corrected Pressures 10
1.1.5 Analyzing Performance Data – Flow Function 12
1.2 Refresher 14
1.2.1 Steam Turbine Efficiency 14
1.2.2 Example 14
1.3 Case Study Details 15
1.3.1 Performance Trend 15
1.3.2 IP Turbine Enthalpy Drop 16
1.4 Case Study Findings 17
1.5 Decision Making and Actions 18
1.5.1 Value 18
1.5.2 Decision Making and Actions – Alternatives 19
1.5.3 Decision Making and Actions – Making a Plan 20
1.6 Closure 20
1.7 Symbols and Abbreviations 21
1.8 Answer Key 21
References 24
Case 2 Risk / Reward Evaluation 26
2.1 Case Study 28
2.2 Background 29
2.2.1 Types of Gas Turbine Generating Plants 29
2.3 Gas Turbine Operating Risks 33
2.3.1 Gas Turbine Major Maintenance 35
2.3.2 Equivalent Fired Hours 36
2.3.3 Failure Costs 37
2.3.4 Reading Assignment 37
2.4 Case Study Evaluations 38
2.4.1 Review 38
2.4.2 Presenting Results 39
2.4.3 Judgment Calls 40
2.4.4 Exercise 40
2.4.5 Sensitivities 41
2.4.6 Exercise – Sensitivities 41
2.4.7 Presentation of Results 41
2.5 Case Study Results 42
2.6 Closure 42
2.7 Answer Key 43
Reference 45
Case 3 Gas Turbine Compressor Fouling 46
3.1 Background 47
3.1.1 Gas Turbine Types 47
3.1.2 Gas Compressor Fouling and Cleaning 49
3.1.3 Exercise 1 50
3.1.4 Inlet Filtration 50
3.1.5 Gas Turbine Performance Measurement 52
3.2 Case Study Details 53
3.2.1 Derivative of the Cost Function 54
3.2.2 Exercise 2 55
3.2.3 Linear Programming 56
3.2.4 New Methods – New Thinking 56
3.2.5 Exercise 3: Gas Turbine Inlet Filtration Upgrade 57
3.2.6 Presenting Results 57
3.3 Case Study Results / Closure 58
3.4 Symbols and Abbreviations 60
3.5 Answer Key 60
References 63
Case 4 Flow Instrument Degradation, Use and Placement 64
4.1 Background 65
4.1.1 Nuclear Steam Power Cycles 65
4.1.2 Core Power-Level Measurement 67
4.1.3 Differential Pressure Flow Measurement Devices 67
4.1.4 Two-Phase Piping Pressure Drop 71
4.1.5 Uncertainty 71
4.2 Case Study Details 72
4.3 Exercises 73
4.3.1 Uncertainty 74
4.3.2 Conclusions 76
4.4 Closure 76
4.5 Symbols and Abbreviations 76
4.6 Answer Key 77
4.7 Further Reading 79
References 79
Case 5 Two-Phase Hydraulics 80
5.1 Background 81
5.1.1 Reading Assignment 83
5.1.2 Muller-Steinhagen and Heck 83
5.1.3 Void Fraction 84
5.1.4 Pumping Net Positive Suction Head Required 86
5.1.5 Projects 86
5.2 Case Study Details 89
5.3 Exercises 90
5.3.1 Liquid Flow to Reboiler 90
5.3.2 Two-Phase Flow from Reboiler 90
5.3.3 Pump Suction 91
5.3.4 Discuss 92
5.4 Closure 92
5.5 Symbols and Abbreviations 92
5.6 Answer Key 93
References 94
Case 6 Reliability and Availability 95
6.1 Background 96
6.1.1 Models 97
6.1.2 Availability: Planned and Unplanned Outages – Parallel Systems 100
6.1.3 Series and Parallel Processes 102
6.1.4 Stochastic Models 103
6.1.5 Reading 104
6.1.6 Applicability 104
6.2 Case Study Details 105
6.2.1 Initial Block Flow Diagram 105
6.2.2 Business Structure 106
6.2.3 Modified Block Flow Diagram 108
6.2.4 Other Considerations 108
6.2.5 Exercises 109
6.3 Closure 110
6.4 Symbols and Abbreviations 110
6.5 Answer Key 111
Reference 113
Case 7 Efficiency and Air Emissions 114
7.1 Background 115
7.1.1 Cogeneration or CHP 115
7.1.2 Environmental Considerations 116
7.1.3 Efficiency 118
7.2 Case Study Details 119
7.2.1 General 119
7.2.2 Proposed CHP Plant 120
7.2.3 Steam Boilers 121
7.2.4 Fuel 121
7.2.5 Gas Turbine 121
7.2.6 Air 123
7.3 Refresher 123
7.3.1 Gas Mixture Molecular Weight 123
7.3.2 Gas Mixture Heating Value 123
7.3.3 Species Weight Fraction 123
7.3.4 Ultimate Analysis 124
7.4 Objective 124
7.5 Exercises 125
7.5.1 Outside Reading 125
7.5.2 Boiler Operation 125
7.5.3 Cogeneration Plant 126
7.5.4 Conclusion 126
7.6 Closure 126
7.7 Symbols and Abbreviations 127
7.8 Answer Key 127
References 130
Case 8 Low-Carbon Power Production 131
8.1 Background 132
8.1.1 Dispatch and Renewable Power Resources 133
8.1.2 Capacity Factor and Availability Factor 134
8.1.3 Fuel Costs (FC in Equation (8.1)) 134
8.1.4 Capital Cost Recovery (CR in Equation (8.1)) 135
8.1.5 Nonfuel Operations and Maintenance (M in Equation (8.1)) 135
8.1.6 Regulation and Government Support 135
8.2 Refresher 136
8.2.1 Short-Run Marginal Cost 136
8.2.2 CO2 Emissions 136
8.2.3 Long-Run Marginal Cost 136
8.3 Case Study Details 136
8.3.1 Reading Assignment 137
8.3.2 Transmission Costs 138
8.3.3 Economic Models 139
8.3.4 Carbon Emissions 139
8.3.5 Understanding the Findings 140
8.3.6 Explaining the Results 141
8.4 Closure 141
8.5 Answer Key 142
References 144
Case 9 Heat Exchangers and Drain Line Sizing 146
9.1 Background 147
9.1.1 Steam Surface Condensers 147
9.1.2 Feedwater Heaters 151
9.1.3 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 152
9.1.4 Condensing Heat Transfer 153
9.1.5 Forced Convection Inside Tubes 153
9.1.6 Conduction Heat Transfer 153
9.1.7 Off-Design Exchanger Performance 154
9.1.8 Drain Line Sizing 155
9.2 Reading 155
9.3 Case Study Details 156
9.3.1 Flow Diagram and Equipment 156
9.3.2 Design Cases 157
9.3.3 Exercises 159
9.4 Closure 160
9.5 Symbols and Abbreviations 161
9.6 Answer Key 162
9.7 Further Reading 164
References 164
Case 10 Optimized Maintenance 165
10.1 Background 166
10.1.1 Maintenance Practices 166
10.1.2 Economic Model for Maintenance 167
10.1.3 Operating Costs other than Maintenance 168
10.2 Refresher 169
10.2.1 Cost to Generate Power 169
10.2.2 Fixed and Variable Operations and Maintenance (O&M) 169
10.2.3 Cost of Fuel 169
10.2.4 Short]Run Gross Margin 169
10.3 Presentation Techniques 169
10.3.1 Waterfall Chart 169
10.3.2 Line and Scatter Plots 171
10.4 Reading 171
10.4.1 Questions 171
10.5 Case Study Details 172
10.5.1 Data 172
10.5.2 Exercises 174
10.6 Closure 176
10.7 Symbols and Abbreviations 176
10.8 Answer Key 177
10.9 Further Reading 184
References 185
Case 11 Project Engineering 186
11.1 Opening 186
11.2 Background 187
11.2.1 Mustard 187
11.2.2 Working with Warfare Agents 188
11.2.3 Alternative Technology for HD Decontamination 189
11.3 Project Planning and Definition 189
11.3.1 Project Management 192
11.3.2 Client Requirements 192
11.3.3 Work Breakdown Structure 194
11.3.4 Growing the Team 195
11.3.5 Process Basis of Design 196
11.4 Executing the Project 197
11.4.1 The Process 198
11.4.2 Stakeholder Communication 198
11.4.3 Ton Container Cleanout 199
11.4.4 Demonstration Tests 199
11.4.5 Materials of Construction 200
11.4.6 Unexpected Events 201
11.5 Closure 201
11.6 Answer Key 202
Reference 208
Case 12 In the Woodshop 209
12.1 Background 211
12.1.1 Band Saw 211
12.1.2 Table Saws 211
12.1.3 The Router 213
12.1.4 Safety 214
12.1.5 Measurements 214
12.2 Case Study Details 214
12.2.1 Exercise 215
12.2.2 The Cove 215
12.2.3 Extra Credit 217
12.3 Closure 217
12.4 Glossary 219
12.5 Solutions 219
12.6 Further Reading 220
References 221
Appendix 222
Glossary 225
Index 235
