Carbonated Hydroxyapatite

Introduction Apatite-type Structure Introduction Fluorapatite Hydroxylapatite and chlorapatite Other space groups Crystal Chemistry and Geochemistry Apatite crystal chemistry Geochemical aspects of calcium phosphate apatites Synthesis of Carbonate Apatites Introduction HAP Type A CHAP Type B and type AB CHAP Sodium-bearing type AB CHAP Type B CFAP with acetate impurity Francolite Synthesis at high pressure and temperature X-ray Structures Introduction Theoretical aspects Unit-cell parameters for CHAP Structural information from X-ray powder patterns Single-crystal X-ray structures Chemical Spectroscopy Introduction Infrared Spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Carbonate Apatite Crystal Chemistry Introduction Symmetry of type A CHAP Location of type B carbonate ion Proportion of A and B carbonate from 2 band areas Coupling of sodium and A and B carbonate substituents Hydrogencarbonate CHAP Mobility of carbonate species Monohydrogen phosphate ion Pressure stability of the A2 carbonate ion Isothermal bulk modulus of CHAP Excess fluorine in francolite Biological Apatites Introduction Calcium phosphates in the body Crystal size and crystallinity Crystal structure of CHAP Structure of bone mineral and other biological apatites Mobility of carbonate ions in bone mineral Appendix I: Minerals within the Apatite Supergroup Appendix II: Compositions of Some Apatites Appendix III: Crystal Structure Data for Synthetic Carbonate Apatites (CHAP, CFAP) References Cited Index.