Preface xiii
Structure of the Book xv
Notation xxi
1 Ambient Air1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Why Ambient Air Is Important? 1
1.3 Air Composition 2
1.4 Gas Mixtures 3
1.5 Air Thermodynamic and Transport Properties 7
1.6 Important Energy Concepts 12
1.7 Worked Examples 16
1.8 Tutorial Problems 21
2 The Thermodynamics of the Human Machine and Thermal Comfort 25
2.1 Overview 25
2.2 Thermal Comfort of Human Beings 26
2.3 Energy Balance of the Human Body 26
2.4 Metabolism (M) and Physical Work (W) 27
2.5 Optimum Comfort Temperature 31
2.6 Estimation of Thermal Comfort 31
2.7 Worked Examples 33
2.8 Tutorial Problems 41
3 Ventilation 45
3.1 Overview 45
3.2 Concentrations, Contaminants, and the Decay Equation 46
3.3 Natural Ventilation 48
3.4 Mechanical Ventilation 52
3.5 Fan Types and Selection 53
3.6 Duct Sizing and Fan Matching 56
3.7 Worked Examples 63
3.8 Tutorial Problems 73
4 Psychrometry and Air Conditioning 75
4.1 Overview 75
4.2 Psychrometric Properties 75
4.3 The Psychrometric Chart 78
4.4 Air-Conditioning Processes 80
4.5 Air-Conditioning Cycles 86
4.6 Worked Examples 91
4.7 Tutorial Problems 103
5 The Building Envelope 107
5.1 Overview 107
5.2 Variation in Meteorological Conditions 107
5.3 Heat Transfer 109
5.4 Solar Irradiation 113
5.5 Heat Losses/Gains Across the Envelope 118
5.6 Moisture and Air Transfer 125
5.7 Internal Heat Gains 128
5.8 Worked Examples 128
5.9 Tutorial Problems 139
6 Refrigeration and Heat Pumps 143
6.1 Overview 143
6.2 Choice of Refrigerants 144
6.3 Heat Pump, Refrigeration, and Vapour Compression Cycles 147
6.4 Absorption Refrigeration 155
6.5 Adsorption Refrigeration 159
6.6 Stirling Cycle Refrigeration 159
6.7 Reverse Brayton–Air Refrigeration Cycle 162
6.8 Steam Jet Refrigeration Cycle 163
6.9 Thermoelectric Refrigeration 165
6.10 Thermoacoustic Refrigeration 166
6.11 Worked Examples 167
6.12 Tutorial Problems 179
7 Acoustic Factors 185
7.1 Overview 185
7.2 The Human Ear 185
7.3 SoundWaves 187
7.4 Power, Intensity, and Pressure 190
7.5 Laws of Sound Combination 193
7.6 Sound Propagation 193
7.7 Sound Fields 199
7.8 Acoustic Pollution or Noise 201
7.9 Worked Examples 203
7.10 Tutorial Problems 208
8 Visual Factors 211
8.1 Overview 211
8.2 The Human Eye 211
8.3 Light Sources and Receivers 212
8.4 Laws of Illumination 215
8.5 Lamp Types 217
8.6 Luminaires and Directional Control 222
8.7 Worked Examples 226
8.8 Tutorial Problems 232
9 Cleaning the Air 235
9.1 Overview 235
9.2 Concentration and Exposure 236
9.3 Particulate Pollution 236
9.4 Principles of Particulate Collection 240
9.5 Control Technologies 242
9.6 Non-particulate Pollutants 257
9.7 Principles of Non-particulate Collection 259
9.8 Pressure Drop Considerations 260
9.9 Worked Examples 261
9.10 Tutorial Problems 268
10 Solar Energy Applications 271
10.1 Overview 271
10.2 Solar Thermal Collector Technologies 271
10.3 Solar Electricity 276
10.4 Ground-Based Energy Sources 279
10.5 Energy Storage 281
10.6 Daylighting 288
10.7 Worked Examples 289
10.8 Tutorial Problems 297
11 Measurements and Monitoring 301
11.1 Overview 301
11.2 Compositional Parameters 302
11.3 Physical Parameters 303
11.4 Visual and Aural Parameters 314
11.5 Utility Measurement and Metering 315
11.6 Worked Examples 321
11.7 Tutorial Problems 327
12 Drivers, Standards, and Methodologies 331
12.1 Overview 331
Learning Outcomes 331
12.2 Compliance Considerations 332
12.3 External Certification and Recognition 336
12.4 Operational Considerations 338
13 Emerging Technologies 343
13.1 Overview 343
13.2 Smart Ventilation 343
13.3 Smart Active Glazing 344
13.4 Cooling Technologies 345
13.5 Smart Tuneable Acoustic Insulation 350
13.6 Smart (Human Centric) Lighting Design 351
13.7 Active Botanical Air Filtration 351
13.8 Peak Lopping Thermal Mass 352
13.9 Smart Batteries 353
13.10 Smart Sensors and Meters 353
13.11 Smart Microgrids 355
13.12 Hydrogen 356
14 Closing Remarks 359
Appendix A The Psychrometric Chart 361
Appendix B Refrigerant Thermodynamic Properties 363
Bibliography 367
Index 369
