Brownian Motion and Molecular Reality

Preface Bibliographical Notice Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Brownian Motion and Molecular Reality: The "Lore" 1.2 Two Issues 1.3 Challenges to Our Second Issue 1.4 Why the Focus So Narrowly on Perrin? 1.5 Organization of the Monograph Chapter 2. The Historical Background: Molecular Theory as of 1900 2.1 On the "Hypothetical" Status of the Molecular Hypothesis 2.2 Kinetic Theory as a Means of Gaining Access to Molecules 2.3 The Problem Posed by the Specific Heats of Gases 2.4 Ostwald on How a Hypothesis Can Become Something More 2.5 A Further Dimension of the Dispute over Molecular-Kinetic Theory 2.6 A Major Development in Support of the Molecular Hypothesis 2.7 Ions in Solutions: van't Hoff, Arrhenius, Ostwald, and Nernst 2.8 By What Authority Still Only a Hypothesis? Chapter 3. The Historical Bakcground: Brownian Motion 3.1 The Promise of Brownian Motion 3.2 Granular Velocity Measurement: A Failure in Experimentation 3.3 Explaining Granular Velocities: A Failure in Theory-Mediation 3.4 The Problem Reconsidered; The Promise Delivered 3.5 The History in Retrospect Chapter 4. Perrin's Brownian Motion Experiments 4.1 Some Preliminaries 4.2 Perrin's Vertical-Gradient Experiments 4.3 Perrin's Vertical-Gradient Results Re-Examined 4.4 Perrin's Granule-Displacement Experiments: The Two Measures 4.5 Perrin's Granule-Displacement Experiments: Displacement Results 4.6 Perrin's Granule-Displacement Experiments: Diffusion Results 4.7 Perrin's Granule Rotation Experiments 4.8 The Three Different Types of Experiment, Taken Together 4.9 Some Remarks about "Well-Behaved" Theory-Mediated Measurements 4.10 A Critical Assessment of Perrin's Results at the Time Chapter 5. Implications for Molecular-Kinetic Theory 5.1 Testing Molecular-Kinetic Theory: The Kinetic Energy "Test" 5.2 Testing Molecular-Kinetic Theory: Other "Tests" 5.3 Grounding Molecular-Kinetic Theory 5.4 Parallels with Molecular-Kinetic Theory 5.5 Continuity with Molecular-Kinetic Theory 5.6 Continuity from Granule to Liquid Substrate 5.7 A Brief Recap Chapter 6. Converging Values of Avogadro's Number: Perrin's Comparisons 6.1 Some Historical Background 6.2 What Agreeing Measurements? 6.3 Perrin's Comparisons, Individually 6.4 Perrin on the Values # 62 x 1022 6.5 Perrin's Comparisons, Collectively 6.6 "Les Preuves de la Réalité Moléculaire"? 6.7 On Eliminating All Reference to the Invisible 6.8 A Parting Comment, re réalité moléculaire Chapter 7. Our Initial Issues, Revisited 7.1 Conclusions Established About Brownian Motion 7.2 Perrin's Contribution to the New Standing 7.3 The New Standing of Molecular Theory: Ostwald's "Conversion" 7.4 The New Standing of Molecular Theory: In the Aftermath of Solvay 7.5 On the Standing of Hypotheses 7.6 1905-1913 Within the History of Theory-Mediated Measurement Postcript on the Realism-Instrumentalism Debate 1. On the Scientific Literature 2. On Some Key Distinctions 3. On What Has Claim to Being Permanent Appendix: On Ostwald (1889-90), Nernst (1893), and Meyer (1899) Glossary Scientific Terminology Theory-mediated Measurement Terminology Bibliography