Brazil

List of Exhibits and Images Preface Introduction Why Read a History of Brazil?

Chapter 1 The Making of Colonial Brazil, 1500-1694 The First Occupants of the Land Everyday Life, War, and Rituals Portuguese Overseas Expansion Early Consolidation of the Portuguese Monarchy Setting up a Global Trading Network The Portuguese Encounter Land to the West First European Impressions Portuguese Land Claims Brazilwood and Indigenous Slavery Go-betweens Imperial Reorganization French Claims The Sugar Industry Enslaved Africans Resistance to Slavery Unification of Spain and Portugal Dutch Occupation of the Northeast Emergence of the Myth of the Bandeirante Imperial Control Gold

Chapter 2 A New Colonial Order, 1695-1821 Manumission of slaves Religious Orders Conflicts in the Mining Region Tensions in the Northeast Pombaline Reforms Indigenous Resistance The Influence of Enlightenment Ideas The Mineira Conspiracy Tailors' Revolt in Salvador The Portuguese Court Comes to Brazil Creating a New Portuguese America Indigenous Resistance Pernambuco Revolution, 1817 A Portuguese Revolt and its Impact on Brazil

Chapter 3 Independent Brazil and the Consolidation of a Nation, 1822-1850

Brazilian Hierarchies A Constitution The Emperor's Tribulations The Regency Regional Revolts Recentralization Pedro II as Emperor The Rise of Coffee Land Ownership Growing Challenges to Slavery Chapter 4 Late Imperial Brazil, 1851-1889

Gradually Ending Slavery The Emperor and His Pedestal The Paraguayan War The Effects of the War The Viscount of Mauá The Great Drought and the Amazon Rubber Boom New Roles for Middle-class Women Positivism, Republicanism, and the Military Question The Move toward Abolition Immigration The End of the Empire

Chapter 5 Republican Brazil, 1889-1929 Modernizing Brazil" Whitening Brazil The Reality behind the Façade Indigenous Brazil Coffee Price Fluctuations and Emerging Industry The Roots of Industrialization Worker Organization and Employers' Strategy Evaporation of the Oligarchical Consensus A Message from Below Economic Strains The Shock of World War I The Economy after the War Brazil's Uneven Development Rebellion in the Army The Modern Woman and an Emerging Feminist Movement Modernism, Brazilian Style Rise of Anti-Liberal Thought The Disintegration of the Old Politics The Revolution of 1930

Chapter 6 Getúlio Vargas in Power, 1930-45 Swing toward Centralization Electoral rights Ideological Polarization Getúlio Vargas as Dictator The Vargas Style Corporatist Inroads A New Search for National Identity Juggling the International Options World War II and the Rise of U.S. Influence Brazil and the War Effort Collapse of the Dictatorship at Home

Chapter 7 Experiments in Democracy, 1946-64 The 1945 Election and the Dutra Period Vargas Returns From Oligarch to Populist Vargas's Legislative Program Runs into Trouble Vargas's Demise Suicide Population Growth, Regional Disequilibria, and Migration A New President, Juscelino Kubitschek, Elected Political Strategy The Economic Development Program A New Capital Dealing with the World Economy The Brief Presidency of Jânio Quadros The Succession of João Goulart Populists versus the Military Brazilian Culture The National Union of Students The Economic Crisis Escalates

Chapter 8 Rule of the Military, 1964-1985 The Generals in Power Growing Repression, Growing Opposition Strengthening the Military Regime Indigenous Policy under Military Rule Growing Opposition Crackdown The Economic Miracle Hyper-Nationalism The Arrival of the Guerrillas Cultural Resistance Mass Media during the Dictatorship The Use of Torture Exile An Economic Turn for the Worse The Winners and Losers The Road to Redemocratization Manipulating the Electoral System and Continued Repression New Social Movements The Working Class Takes Center Stage The Last General

Chapter 9 The Return to Democracy, 1985-1994 An Unintended Succession Sarney and the New Democracy The Cruzado Plan The Debt Crisis and the Economy Lost Investment and a Brain Drain Widening Gaps between Rich and Poor Education and Medical Care Roads and Communications Public Health: A Success Story Changes Affecting Women Race Relations The Political Spectrum in the New Democracy The Left The Right The Center The Armed Forces Presidential Elections New Policies The End Another Vice President in Command Back to Stabilization: The Plano Real The Presidential Election of 1994

Chapter 10 Consolidating Democracy, 1994-2006 The Cardoso Government's First Term More Economic Problems A Second Term in Office Social Justice Delayed On-going Challenges The Presidential Race Lula's Governmental Team The PT in Power Exports Take Center Stage Poverty Alleviation and Education Enhancement The PT Tastes Scandal The Last Year of Lula's First Term Prisons Riots 2006 Elections

Chapter 11 A Nation Polarized, 2006-present Lula Reaches New Heights Recognition Abroad Continuity at Home Presidenta in Power The 2013 Protests Operation Car Wash (Lava Jato) A Fourth PT Term A Conservative Tidal Wave The Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff Temer government Lula Ensnared The 2018 Election The Past Returns

Suggestions for Further Reading Film, History, Culture, and Society Index