| Preface | p. xi |
| The nature of biotechnology | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| What is biotechnology? | p. 2 |
| Biotechnology: an interdisciplinary pursuit | p. 6 |
| Biotechnology: a three-component central core | p. 13 |
| Product safety | p. 15 |
| Public perception of biotechnology | p. 17 |
| Biotechnology and the developing world | p. 17 |
| Biomass: a biotechnology substrate? | p. 19 |
| A biomass strategy | p. 19 |
| Natural raw materials | p. 21 |
| Availability of by-products | p. 23 |
| Raw materials and the future of biotechnology | p. 25 |
| Genetics and biotechnology | p. 29 |
| Introduction | p. 29 |
| Industrial genetics | p. 31 |
| Protoplast and cell fusion technologies | p. 32 |
| Genetic engineering | p. 35 |
| The polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing | p. 41 |
| Nucleic acid probes | p. 43 |
| Genomics and proteomics | p. 44 |
| Antisense and RNA interference | p. 45 |
| Systems biology | p. 47 |
| Potential laboratory biohazards of genetic engineering | p. 47 |
| Bioprocess/fermentation technology | p. 49 |
| Introduction | p. 49 |
| Principles of microbial growth | p. 53 |
| The bioreactor | p. 57 |
| Scale-up | p. 63 |
| Media design for fermentation processes | p. 63 |
| Solid substrate fermentation | p. 65 |
| Technology of mammalian and plant cell culture | p. 67 |
| Metabolic engineering | p. 70 |
| Downstream processing | p. 71 |
| Enzyme technology | p. 73 |
| The nature of enzymes | p. 73 |
| The application of enzymes | p. 75 |
| Selection and development of producer strains for enzyme production | p. 81 |
| The technology of enzyme production | p. 84 |
| Immobilised enzymes | p. 88 |
| Biological fuel generation | p. 95 |
| Global warming and the significance of fossil fuels | p. 95 |
| Photosynthesis: the ultimate energy source | p. 96 |
| Biofuels from biomass | p. 97 |
| Bioethanol from biomass | p. 99 |
| Biodiesel | p. 103 |
| Methane | p. 104 |
| Hydrogen | p. 107 |
| The way ahead for biofuels | p. 108 |
| Contrasting views on climate change | p. 109 |
| Environmental biotechnology | p. 110 |
| Introduction | p. 110 |
| Microbial ecology/environmental biotechnology | p. 112 |
| Waste water and sewage treatment | p. 113 |
| Landfill technologies | p. 118 |
| Composting | p. 119 |
| Bioremediation | p. 122 |
| Detection and monitoring of pollutants | p. 126 |
| Microbes and the geological environment | p. 126 |
| Environmental sustainability and clean technology | p. 130 |
| Plant and forest biotechnology | p. 133 |
| Introduction | p. 133 |
| Plant biotechnology | p. 134 |
| Forest biotechnology | p. 146 |
| Animal and insect biotechnology | p. 149 |
| Introduction | p. 149 |
| Genetic manipulation and transgenic animals | p. 150 |
| Genetically engineered hormones and vaccines | p. 154 |
| Animal organs for human patients | p. 156 |
| Genetically modified insects | p. 157 |
| A look to the future | p. 157 |
| Diagnostics in plant and animal agriculture | p. 158 |
| Food and beverage biotechnology | p. 161 |
| Introduction | p. 161 |
| Food and beverage fermentations | p. 164 |
| Microorganisms as food | p. 178 |
| Enzymes and food processing | p. 185 |
| Amino acids, vitamins and sweeteners | p. 186 |
| Organic acids and polysaccharides | p. 188 |
| Rapid diagnostics | p. 188 |
| Bioprocess technology | p. 189 |
| Public acceptance and safety of new biotechnology foods | p. 189 |
| Biotechnology and medicine | p. 190 |
| Introduction | p. 190 |
| Pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals | p. 192 |
| Antibiotics | p. 193 |
| Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies | p. 196 |
| Biopharmaceuticals/therapeutic proteins | p. 201 |
| Pharmacogenetics | p. 205 |
| Molecular biology and human disease | p. 206 |
| Diagnostics in developing countries | p. 206 |
| Gene therapy | p. 207 |
| Systems biology and medicine | p. 209 |
| Stem cell biotechnology | p. 211 |
| The nature of stem cells | p. 211 |
| Stem cell cultivation | p. 213 |
| Human-animal embryos | p. 215 |
| Commercial potential for stem cell therapies | p. 216 |
| Protection of biotechnological inventions | p. 218 |
| Introduction | p. 218 |
| Patent protection | p. 219 |
| Trade secrets | p. 222 |
| Plant breeders' rights | p. 223 |
| Safety in biotechnology | p. 224 |
| Introduction | p. 224 |
| Concepts of hazard and risk | p. 224 |
| Problems of organism pathogenicity | p. 225 |
| Problems of biologically active biotechnology products | p. 227 |
| Biowarfare and bioterrorism | p. 228 |
| Public perception of biotechnology: genetic engineering - safety, social, moral and ethical considerations | p. 232 |
| Introduction | p. 232 |
| Release of genetically manipulated organisms into the environment | p. 234 |
| Genetic modification and food uses | p. 236 |
| The applications of human genetic research | p. 242 |
| Looking to the future | p. 245 |
| Glossary | p. 250 |
| Further reading | p. 254 |
| Index | p. 263 |
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