Preface ix
Author Affiliation xi
Acknowledgments xv
About the Author xix
PART I An Introduction to Biosecurity 1
Chapter 1 Defining Biosecurity and Related Concepts 3
Ryan Burnette, Jenna Hess, Joseph Kozlovac, and Jonathan Richmond
What is Biosecurity? 3
Related Concepts 4
Risk Management and Prioritization in Biosecurity 12
Basic Components of Biosecurity 13
Conclusion 14
Chapter 2 Biosecurity as a Function of Biosafety Microbiological Laboratories 17
Jonathan Y. Richmond, Ryan Burnette, Gigi Kwik Gronvall
Introduction 17
Evolving Steps towards Biosecurity 18
Biosecurity is Embedded in Biosafety Programs 20
Control Access to High-Consequence Pathogens and Toxins 22
Accountability 22
Occupational Health Programs 23
Biosafety Culture 23
Conclusion 24
Chapter 3 A Perspective of Biosecurity: Past to Present 27
Robert J. Hawley and Joseph P. Kozlovac
Introduction 27
Biological Warfare 28
Bioterrorism 30
Biocrime 34
Bioaccidents 37
Conclusion 41
PART II E LEMENTS OF BIOSECURITY 49
Chapter 4 Physical Elements of Biosecurity 51
Jeff Slayton, Daniel N. Apple, and Ben Perman
Introduction 51
Protecting and Securing Biological Materials 51
Breaking Down the Program:
The Six Security Capabilities 58
Architecture, Engineering and
Work Practice Considerations 63
Operations and Sustainment 67
Conclusion 70
Chapter 5 Operational Elements of Biosecurity 71
J. Craig Reed, and Debra C. Sharpe
Introduction 71
The Biosecurity Process 72
Biosecurity Challenges Associated with Different Institutions 82
New Regulatory Requirements 84
Conclusion 87
Chapter 6 Basic Principles of Threat Assessment 89
Ben Perman, Lindsay T. Odell, Jason Griffeth, and Daniel N. Apple
Introduction 89
A Comprehensive Approach to Biosecurity 89
Safety versus Security: Risk vesus Threat 90
The Purposes and Requirements of Basic Suitability and Threat Assessment Programs 102
Conclusion 108
PART III BIOSECURITY IN VARIOUS SECTORS 111
Chapter 7 Biosecurity in Research Laboratories 113
Kavita M. Berger
Introduction 113
Laboratory Biosecurity 114
The Select Agent Program 115
Conclusion 122
Chapter 8 Biosecurity in the Food and Agricultural Industries 129
Henry S. Parker
Introduction 129
The U.S. Food and Agriculture Infrastructure 129
Food Defense 132
Food Defense: Protecting U.S. Food and Agriculture from Intentional Disruption 145
Conclusion 150
Chapter 9 Biosecurity in Mass Transportation Networks 155
Brian K. George
Introduction 155
Mass Transit Systems and Vulnerabilities 155
Federal, State, and Local Biosecurity Activities and Planning 157
Conclusion 164
Chapter 10 Utilizing Biosecurity Principles to Combat Naturally Occurring Epidemics 167
J. Craig Reed, Robert A. Heckert, Patricia Delarosa, and Vera Ettenger
Introduction 167
Separating Deliberate Outbreaks from Naturally Occurring Epidemics 168
The Need for Biosafety and Biosecurity in the Response to a Naturally Occurring Outbreak 169
Assessing Biosafety and Biosecurity Risks in Public Health: The Science of Biosecurity 172
Increasing Security Functions through the Application of Biosecurity to Public Health 174
Challenges Associated with the International Coordination of Outbreak Response 175
Biosecurity Impediments to International Health Programs 178
Conclusion 180
PART IV BIOSECURITY POLICY, BIOTERRORIS M AND THE FUTURE 185
Chapter 11 Current Efforts to Fortify Biosecurity Policy in the U.S. 187
Gigi Kwik Gronvall
Introduction 187
Emerging Policies Limiting Access to Pathogens and Enhancing Laboratory Security 188
Policies that Focus on Dual-Use Research of Concern 191
Evolving Oversight of Synthetic Biology 192
Conclusion 194
Chapter 12 The Link between Biosecurity and Bioterrorism 197
Daniel N. Apple and Benjamin A. Perman
Introduction 197
Bioterrorism Attack Cycle 197
The Bioterrorism-Biosecurity Nexus 202
The Biological Criminal Continuum 204
Conclusion 206
Chapter 13 The Importance of Engagement and Education for Effective Biosecurity 209
James Revill and Catherine Jefferson
Introduction 209
Overview of Engagement and Education 209
Other Intervention Points and Actors 213
Challenges Moving Forward 215
Why Bother with Biosecurity-Related Education and Engagement? 216
Moving Biosecurity Engagement and Education Forward 218
Conclusion 221
Chapter 14 Monitoring and Evaluating Laboratory Biosafety Programs 225
Heather N. Meeks, Betiel H. Haile, Ngozi Erondu, Lisa Ferland, Meeyoung Park, Affan Shaikh, and Scott J.N. McNabb
Introduction 225
Need for a Laboratory Biosafety Program Framework 227
Major Concepts and Definitions 230
Conceptual Framework 239
Laboratory Biosafety Indicators 241
Anticipated Benefits of the Indicator Database 242
Analytic Processes to Refine Indicators 242
Limitations 254
Conclusion 254
Chapter 15 The Future of Biosecurity: A Global Context 259
Ryan N. Burnette, J. Craig Reed, and Patricia Delarosa
Introduction 259
Biosecurity Summarized 259
A One World/One Health Model for Biosecurity 262
Future of Biosecurity 266
Conclusion 267
APPENDIX 1 U.S. Food Defense since 9/11:
Public Sector Initiatives and Programs 271
Henry S. Parker
APPENDIX 2 Timeline of Selected Events in Biosecurity Policy 289
Gigi Kwik Gronvall
Index 299
