| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
| Human origins, natural selection and the evolution of ethics | p. 1 |
| Modern science, ethics and evolving bioscience ethics | p. 2 |
| The hunter-gatherer Homo sapiens | p. 5 |
| Ethics - our evolutionary heritage | p. 11 |
| Neuroethics - unravelling the neural basis of moral judgement | p. 16 |
| Evolving bioscience-bioethics | p. 18 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 22 |
| Sex determination, brain sex and sexual behaviour | p. 24 |
| Sex determination | p. 25 |
| Errors of sexual differentiation | p. 30 |
| Brain sex determination | p. 33 |
| The socialization of human sexuality | p. 35 |
| Sexual orientation | p. 36 |
| Transgender and gender recognition | p. 38 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 43 |
| Inappropriate lifestyle and congenital disability in children: basic principles of growth, toxicology, teratogenesis and mutagenesis | p. 44 |
| Patterns of human growth | p. 45 |
| The embryonic/fetal periods and embryo staging | p. 47 |
| The placenta as the maternal-fetal interface | p. 50 |
| Abnormal prenatal growth patterns, fetal programming and long-term health consequences | p. 51 |
| Toxicology: basic principles | p. 55 |
| Teratogenesis, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis | p. 58 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 60 |
| Substance abuse and parenthood: biological mechanisms - bioethical responsibilities | p. 61 |
| Introductory background | p. 61 |
| Behavioural variables - biological consequences | p. 64 |
| The preconceptional period: male-mediated effects | p. 65 |
| Specifics | p. 65 |
| The preconceptional period: female-mediated effects | p. 67 |
| Drug-induced infertility | p. 68 |
| The prenatal and neonatal periods | p. 69 |
| Nicotine | p. 70 |
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | p. 71 |
| Passive smoking | p. 72 |
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | p. 72 |
| Ethanol (alcohol) | p. 73 |
| Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | p. 74 |
| Cocaine | p. 76 |
| Marijuana | p. 77 |
| Narcotics | p. 78 |
| Caffeine | p. 79 |
| Behavioural variables - bioethical challenges | p. 79 |
| Socioeconomic factors | p. 80 |
| An ecologically based model of preventative care - government and citizens in equal partnership | p. 84 |
| The emotional brain and the biology of addiction | p. 85 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 88 |
| Fertility awareness: the ovulatory method of birth control, ageing gametes and congenital malformation in children | p. 90 |
| The laws of inheritance | p. 91 |
| Human fecundity | p. 93 |
| Female libido: procreational versus recreational sex | p. 94 |
| Principles of reproductive ageing | p. 95 |
| Ageing gametes and ovulatory method of birth control | p. 98 |
| The gametopathy hypothesis and congenital anomalies | p. 101 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 105 |
| Understanding child abuse and its biological consequences | p. 106 |
| Adaptation of the newborn to extrauterine life | p. 107 |
| Bonding and social relations | p. 109 |
| Unwanted birth and crime | p. 111 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder or the physical signature of unresolved trauma | p. 114 |
| The biology of behaviour and cognition | p. 117 |
| Stress and psychosocial short stature | p. 119 |
| Future prospects | p. 120 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 122 |
| The state of wellbeing: basic principles, coping strategies and individual mastery | p. 124 |
| The link between population density and reproduction | p. 126 |
| Stress - the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), allostasis and disease | p. 127 |
| Adaptive strategies | p. 131 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 134 |
| The state of wellbeing: on the end-of-life care and euthanasia | p. 135 |
| Life's balance sheet | p. 136 |
| End-of-life care, advanced directives and 'do not resuscitate' orders | p. 137 |
| Euthanasia, an evolving concept | p. 140 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 143 |
| Current reproductive technologies: achievements and desired goals | p. 145 |
| Lifestyle, fertility and the Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) | p. 145 |
| Fertility control - the evolutionary perspective | p. 146 |
| Infertility - the price of excess fecundity | p. 148 |
| Assisted reproduction: social considerations | p. 150 |
| Assisted reproduction: technological considerations | p. 152 |
| Artificial insemination | p. 156 |
| In vitro fertilization and related technologies | p. 158 |
| Intracytoplasmic sperm injection and cytoplasmic transfer technologies | p. 161 |
| Maturing human eggs in the laboratory | p. 162 |
| Epigenetics, imprinting and assisted reproduction | p. 163 |
| Surrogacy | p. 164 |
| Assisted reproduction, genetic diversity and the biology of conservation | p. 165 |
| Inbreeding depression | p. 166 |
| The role of ART in conservation | p. 166 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 170 |
| The recombinant DNA technologies | p. 171 |
| Genetic engineering and related technologies - biological perspective | p. 171 |
| Gene therapy | p. 173 |
| Prenatal genetic screening and diagnosis | p. 179 |
| Preimplantation genetic screening and diagnosis | p. 181 |
| Neonatal genetic screening and diagnosis | p. 182 |
| Presymptomatic screening for individuals and populations | p. 182 |
| The use of genetic technology for social purposes | p. 183 |
| The Human Genome and the Human Genome Diversity Projects | p. 184 |
| Access to the ownership of genomes | p. 188 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 190 |
| Stem cells, nuclear transfer and cloning technology | p. 192 |
| What is a clone? | p. 193 |
| Reproductive cloning: basic principles | p. 196 |
| Embryonic stem cell (aka therapeutic or biomedical) cloning | p. 197 |
| Adult stem cell alternatives | p. 200 |
| Reproductive cloning: ethical considerations | p. 200 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 203 |
| Human-dominated ecosystems: re-evaluating environmental priorities | p. 204 |
| Population growth and economic activity - are we overstraining our limits? | p. 204 |
| Extinction and conservation of biodiversity | p. 207 |
| Genetic diversity and environmental adaptability | p. 211 |
| Human-driven climate change | p. 212 |
| Stress and adaptation | p. 216 |
| Living within Nature's constraints | p. 217 |
| Understanding living cycles and anticipating environmental policies rather than relying on remedial measures | p. 219 |
| Fundamental symbiosis: the biogeochemical or nutrient cycle | p. 220 |
| Losing the food race | p. 223 |
| Deep design: the synthesis of Nature and culture | p. 225 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 228 |
| Human-dominated ecosystems: reclaiming the future for following generations | p. 229 |
| Self-destructive behaviour and overexploitation of the environment | p. 229 |
| The tragedy of the commons | p. 229 |
| Chemical exposure, sex determination and sexual behaviour | p. 233 |
| The endocrine system: an overview | p. 233 |
| Epigenetic transgenerational actions of synthetic endocrine disruptors | p. 234 |
| Wildlife and laboratory findings | p. 237 |
| Human findings and the precautionary principle | p. 238 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 242 |
| Human-dominated ecosystems: warfare = fitness enhancement or losing strategy? | p. 243 |
| The institution of war | p. 245 |
| The tragedy of conflict | p. 248 |
| Biological warfare | p. 252 |
| Computer technology, cyber-electronics and virtual warfare | p. 256 |
| The legacy of war on future generations | p. 257 |
| Child soldiers | p. 259 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 262 |
| Human-dominated ecosystems: reworking bioethical frontiers | p. 263 |
| Global responsibility - a transboundary détente to developmental needs and environmental preservation | p. 264 |
| The power of the collective - endorsing multiple-entry bookkeeping | p. 265 |
| The power of the individual | p. 266 |
| Stewardship of Mother Earth - in defence of the global commons | p. 268 |
| Gaia - Earth's evolving physiology | p. 270 |
| Gaia's three principles | p. 272 |
| Living within Nature's bounty | p. 277 |
| Principles of bioscience ethics for discussion | p. 280 |
| Further reading | p. 281 |
| Index | p. 298 |
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