| Preface | p. xiii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xv |
| Application of Biological Processes | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Historical Beginnings | p. 4 |
| Bioengineering | p. 5 |
| Bioremediation Engineering | p. 9 |
| Chemical Nature of Hazardous Spills | p. 16 |
| Application of Bioremediation | p. 21 |
| Managing a Bioremediation Project | p. 27 |
| Introduction | p. 27 |
| Defining the Project and Goals | p. 28 |
| The Project Team | p. 31 |
| Initial Review of Remediation Options | p. 32 |
| Site Characterization | p. 32 |
| Screening and Selecting Remediation Alternatives | p. 34 |
| Developing the Design Concept | p. 34 |
| Supporting Elements | p. 35 |
| Health and Safety Plan | p. 37 |
| Spill and Contingency Plan | p. 38 |
| Monitoring Plan | p. 39 |
| Community Relations Plan | p. 40 |
| Residuals Management | p. 46 |
| Site Utilities | p. 46 |
| Permit Requirements | p. 47 |
| Treatability Studies | p. 47 |
| Revising Process Design | p. 49 |
| Finalize Design | p. 49 |
| Remediation Field Activities | p. 49 |
| Microbial Systems of Bioremediation | p. 51 |
| Introduction | p. 51 |
| Microbial Energy | p. 51 |
| Microbial Metabolism | p. 54 |
| Other Significant Reactions | p. 59 |
| Electron Acceptors | p. 62 |
| Enzyme Activity | p. 63 |
| Microbiology of Bioremediation | p. 68 |
| Microbial Divisions | p. 68 |
| Bioremediation Organisms | p. 72 |
| Bioprocess Control Parameters | p. 84 |
| Biological Process Requirements | p. 84 |
| Substrate | p. 85 |
| Electron Acceptors | p. 86 |
| Required Environmental Conditions | p. 87 |
| Growth Nutrients | p. 92 |
| Optimizing Microbial Transformation of Hazardous Chemicals | p. 95 |
| Introduction | p. 95 |
| Petroleum Aliphatic and Alicyclic Hydrocarbons | p. 96 |
| Chemical Nature | p. 96 |
| Microbial Metabolism | p. 97 |
| Summation | p. 106 |
| Petroleum Aromatic Hydrocarbons | p. 106 |
| Chemical Nature | p. 107 |
| Microbial Metabolism | p. 108 |
| Summation | p. 116 |
| Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons | p. 117 |
| Chemical Nature | p. 117 |
| Microbial Metabolism | p. 117 |
| Summation | p. 133 |
| Halogenated Aromatic Compounds | p. 135 |
| Chemical Nature | p. 135 |
| Microbial Metabolism | p. 135 |
| Summation | p. 142 |
| Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds | p. 143 |
| Chemical Nature | p. 143 |
| Microbial Metabolism | p. 145 |
| Summation | p. 163 |
| Microbial Detoxification of Specialty Chemicals | p. 165 |
| Introduction | p. 165 |
| Pesticides | p. 165 |
| Chemical Nature | p. 166 |
| Halogenated Aliphatic Pesticides | p. 178 |
| Chlorinated Cyclic Aliphatic Pesticides | p. 179 |
| Pentachiorophenol and DDT | p. 180 |
| Chlorinated Phenoxyalkanoates | p. 184 |
| Halogenated Aniline-Base Pesticides | p. 185 |
| Cyclodiene Pesticides | p. 189 |
| Nitrogen Pesticides: Carbamate, Carbamothioate, and Dicarboximide | p. 190 |
| Pyrethroid Pesticides | p. 191 |
| Organophosphonate Pesticides | p. 192 |
| Polychlorinated Biphenyls | p. 194 |
| Chemical Nature | p. 194 |
| Degradation Potential | p. 195 |
| Azo Dyes | p. 200 |
| Chemical Nature | p. 200 |
| Degradation Potential | p. 200 |
| Site Characterization for Bioremediation | p. 205 |
| Introduction | p. 205 |
| Site Surveys | p. 207 |
| Assessments for Biological Processes | p. 209 |
| Carbon and Energy | p. 210 |
| Electron Acceptor | p. 212 |
| Microbial Activity | p. 214 |
| Nutrient Conditions | p. 218 |
| Other Environmental Factors | p. 219 |
| Assessments for In Situ Bioremediation | p. 220 |
| Distribution of Contamination | p. 220 |
| Microbial Activity | p. 224 |
| Soll and Water Characteristics | p. 226 |
| Assessments for Process Control | p. 233 |
| Hydrogeological Characterization | p. 236 |
| Confirming Transport Characteristics | p. 238 |
| In Situ Bioremediation | p. 241 |
| Introduction | p. 241 |
| Hydraulic Control | p. 242 |
| Subsurface Delivery Systems | p. 245 |
| Gravity Injection | p. 246 |
| Force Injection | p. 262 |
| Recovery Systems | p. 264 |
| Injection/Recovery Well Configurations | p. 264 |
| Clogging Control | p. 270 |
| Suspended Solids Clogging | p. 271 |
| Biofouling | p. 272 |
| Chemical Clogging | p. 274 |
| In Situ Oxygen Sources | p. 277 |
| Aeration of a Well Bore | p. 278 |
| Injection of Oxygenated Water | p. 279 |
| Injection of Hydrogen Peroxide | p. 280 |
| In Situ Cometabolism | p. 282 |
| Electron Acceptor Delivery Rates | p. 284 |
| Bioventing | p. 285 |
| Application | p. 287 |
| Design | p. 291 |
| Costs and Selection of the Oxygen Source | p. 296 |
| Off-Gas Treatment | p. 297 |
| Clean-Up Time | p. 298 |
| Site Monitoring | p. 299 |
| Solid- and Slurry-Phase Bioremediation | p. 305 |
| Introduction | p. 305 |
| Design Considerations | p. 306 |
| Mass Transfer | p. 307 |
| Materials Handling | p. 311 |
| Land Farming | p. 314 |
| Design and Operation | p. 315 |
| Bioremediation Applications | p. 319 |
| Composting | p. 321 |
| Process Description | p. 321 |
| Windrow System | p. 323 |
| Static Pile Process | p. 325 |
| In-Vessel Composting | p. 327 |
| Process Control | p. 329 |
| Bioremediation Applications | p. 332 |
| Slurry Treatment | p. 334 |
| Advantages over Solid Phase | p. 336 |
| Slurry Bioreactors | p. 338 |
| Slurry Lagoon Systems | p. 342 |
| Liquid-Phase Bioremediation | p. 359 |
| Introduction | p. 359 |
| Process Design Parameters and Relationships | p. 361 |
| Enzyme-Substrate Kinetics | p. 362 |
| Monod Equation | p. 364 |
| Models for Reactor Designs | p. 371 |
| Design and Operation Emphasis | p. 376 |
| Low Energy and Low Growth Yielding Substrates | p. 376 |
| Cometabolism and Sequencing Metabolic Modes | p. 377 |
| Bioreactor Start-Up | p. 379 |
| Life-Cycle Design | p. 380 |
| Volatilization Control | p. 382 |
| Suspended Bioreactors | p. 383 |
| Activated Sludge Process | p. 383 |
| Powder-Activated Carbon Activated Sludge Process | p. 386 |
| Alternative Anoxic Oxic Process | p. 389 |
| Sequencing Batch Reactor | p. 392 |
| Fixed Biofilm Reactors | p. 397 |
| Properties of Immobilized Biomass | p. 400 |
| The Support Media | p. 403 |
| Packed-Bed Reactors | p. 409 |
| Trickling Filters | p. 415 |
| Fluidized-Bed Reactors | p. 417 |
| Rotating Biological Contactors | p. 425 |
| Air Sparged Reactors | p. 429 |
| Treatability Studies | p. 433 |
| Introduction | p. 433 |
| Purpose of Treatability Studies | p. 433 |
| Experimental Design | p. 435 |
| Bases of Design | p. 435 |
| Developing Protocols | p. 436 |
| Methodologies and Costs | p. 442 |
| Equipment | p. 445 |
| Protocols | p. 447 |
| Example Protocol | p. 456 |
| Test Protocol for Evaluating the Capability of Indigenous Microorganisms | p. 456 |
| Appendix A | p. 461 |
| Definition of Hazardous Waste | p. 461 |
| Listings of Hazardous Waste | p. 463 |
| Ignitability | p. 464 |
| Corrosivity | p. 465 |
| Reactivity | p. 465 |
| Toxicity | p. 465 |
| Mixture and "Derived from" Rules | p. 465 |
| Hazardous Substances List and Contamination Group Codes | p. 466 |
| Calculating Process Requirements | p. 471 |
| Mass Requirements for Electron Acceptor and Nutrients | p. 471 |
| Balancing Redox Reactions | p. 472 |
| Example Problem | p. 475 |
| Delivery Rates for Electron Acceptor and Nutrients | p. 479 |
| Rate of Degradation | p. 479 |
| Example Problem | p. 479 |
| Bioventing Example Problem | p. 482 |
| References | p. 485 |
| Index | p. 503 |
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