Bioremediation Engineering

Design and Applications

By: John T. Cookson

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Hardcover | 22 November 1994 | Edition Number 1

At a Glance

Hardcover
524 Pages

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24.13 x 16.51 x 2.54

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Keep pace with the rapid developments in bioremediation field investigations

You'll welcome the rigorous project evaluation, design and operation guidelines this valuable guide puts at your disposal. Industry veteran John Cookson delivers job-tested insights into the most effective methods and provides the step-by-step details you need to put them to work.

Using plenty of case studies to demystify complex procedures, he gives you the tools you need to evaluate the potential for biodegradation of major classes of organic compounds; conduct treatability studies; assess the feasibility of bioremediation for any situation; and much,much more.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology Environmental Science Pollution Control Mechanical Engineering & Materials Engineering Skills & Trades

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
Application of Biological Processes	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Historical Beginnings	p. 4
Bioengineering	p. 5
Bioremediation Engineering	p. 9
Chemical Nature of Hazardous Spills	p. 16
Application of Bioremediation	p. 21
Managing a Bioremediation Project	p. 27
Introduction	p. 27
Defining the Project and Goals	p. 28
The Project Team	p. 31
Initial Review of Remediation Options	p. 32
Site Characterization	p. 32
Screening and Selecting Remediation Alternatives	p. 34
Developing the Design Concept	p. 34
Supporting Elements	p. 35
Health and Safety Plan	p. 37
Spill and Contingency Plan	p. 38
Monitoring Plan	p. 39
Community Relations Plan	p. 40
Residuals Management	p. 46
Site Utilities	p. 46
Permit Requirements	p. 47
Treatability Studies	p. 47
Revising Process Design	p. 49
Finalize Design	p. 49
Remediation Field Activities	p. 49
Microbial Systems of Bioremediation	p. 51
Introduction	p. 51
Microbial Energy	p. 51
Microbial Metabolism	p. 54
Other Significant Reactions	p. 59
Electron Acceptors	p. 62
Enzyme Activity	p. 63
Microbiology of Bioremediation	p. 68
Microbial Divisions	p. 68
Bioremediation Organisms	p. 72
Bioprocess Control Parameters	p. 84
Biological Process Requirements	p. 84
Substrate	p. 85
Electron Acceptors	p. 86
Required Environmental Conditions	p. 87
Growth Nutrients	p. 92
Optimizing Microbial Transformation of Hazardous Chemicals	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
Petroleum Aliphatic and Alicyclic Hydrocarbons	p. 96
Chemical Nature	p. 96
Microbial Metabolism	p. 97
Summation	p. 106
Petroleum Aromatic Hydrocarbons	p. 106
Chemical Nature	p. 107
Microbial Metabolism	p. 108
Summation	p. 116
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons	p. 117
Chemical Nature	p. 117
Microbial Metabolism	p. 117
Summation	p. 133
Halogenated Aromatic Compounds	p. 135
Chemical Nature	p. 135
Microbial Metabolism	p. 135
Summation	p. 142
Halogenated Aliphatic Compounds	p. 143
Chemical Nature	p. 143
Microbial Metabolism	p. 145
Summation	p. 163
Microbial Detoxification of Specialty Chemicals	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Pesticides	p. 165
Chemical Nature	p. 166
Halogenated Aliphatic Pesticides	p. 178
Chlorinated Cyclic Aliphatic Pesticides	p. 179
Pentachiorophenol and DDT	p. 180
Chlorinated Phenoxyalkanoates	p. 184
Halogenated Aniline-Base Pesticides	p. 185
Cyclodiene Pesticides	p. 189
Nitrogen Pesticides: Carbamate, Carbamothioate, and Dicarboximide	p. 190
Pyrethroid Pesticides	p. 191
Organophosphonate Pesticides	p. 192
Polychlorinated Biphenyls	p. 194
Chemical Nature	p. 194
Degradation Potential	p. 195
Azo Dyes	p. 200
Chemical Nature	p. 200
Degradation Potential	p. 200
Site Characterization for Bioremediation	p. 205
Introduction	p. 205
Site Surveys	p. 207
Assessments for Biological Processes	p. 209
Carbon and Energy	p. 210
Electron Acceptor	p. 212
Microbial Activity	p. 214
Nutrient Conditions	p. 218
Other Environmental Factors	p. 219
Assessments for In Situ Bioremediation	p. 220
Distribution of Contamination	p. 220
Microbial Activity	p. 224
Soll and Water Characteristics	p. 226
Assessments for Process Control	p. 233
Hydrogeological Characterization	p. 236
Confirming Transport Characteristics	p. 238
In Situ Bioremediation	p. 241
Introduction	p. 241
Hydraulic Control	p. 242
Subsurface Delivery Systems	p. 245
Gravity Injection	p. 246
Force Injection	p. 262
Recovery Systems	p. 264
Injection/Recovery Well Configurations	p. 264
Clogging Control	p. 270
Suspended Solids Clogging	p. 271
Biofouling	p. 272
Chemical Clogging	p. 274
In Situ Oxygen Sources	p. 277
Aeration of a Well Bore	p. 278
Injection of Oxygenated Water	p. 279
Injection of Hydrogen Peroxide	p. 280
In Situ Cometabolism	p. 282
Electron Acceptor Delivery Rates	p. 284
Bioventing	p. 285
Application	p. 287
Design	p. 291
Costs and Selection of the Oxygen Source	p. 296
Off-Gas Treatment	p. 297
Clean-Up Time	p. 298
Site Monitoring	p. 299
Solid- and Slurry-Phase Bioremediation	p. 305
Introduction	p. 305
Design Considerations	p. 306
Mass Transfer	p. 307
Materials Handling	p. 311
Land Farming	p. 314
Design and Operation	p. 315
Bioremediation Applications	p. 319
Composting	p. 321
Process Description	p. 321
Windrow System	p. 323
Static Pile Process	p. 325
In-Vessel Composting	p. 327
Process Control	p. 329
Bioremediation Applications	p. 332
Slurry Treatment	p. 334
Advantages over Solid Phase	p. 336
Slurry Bioreactors	p. 338
Slurry Lagoon Systems	p. 342
Liquid-Phase Bioremediation	p. 359
Introduction	p. 359
Process Design Parameters and Relationships	p. 361
Enzyme-Substrate Kinetics	p. 362
Monod Equation	p. 364
Models for Reactor Designs	p. 371
Design and Operation Emphasis	p. 376
Low Energy and Low Growth Yielding Substrates	p. 376
Cometabolism and Sequencing Metabolic Modes	p. 377
Bioreactor Start-Up	p. 379
Life-Cycle Design	p. 380
Volatilization Control	p. 382
Suspended Bioreactors	p. 383
Activated Sludge Process	p. 383
Powder-Activated Carbon Activated Sludge Process	p. 386
Alternative Anoxic Oxic Process	p. 389
Sequencing Batch Reactor	p. 392
Fixed Biofilm Reactors	p. 397
Properties of Immobilized Biomass	p. 400
The Support Media	p. 403
Packed-Bed Reactors	p. 409
Trickling Filters	p. 415
Fluidized-Bed Reactors	p. 417
Rotating Biological Contactors	p. 425
Air Sparged Reactors	p. 429
Treatability Studies	p. 433
Introduction	p. 433
Purpose of Treatability Studies	p. 433
Experimental Design	p. 435
Bases of Design	p. 435
Developing Protocols	p. 436
Methodologies and Costs	p. 442
Equipment	p. 445
Protocols	p. 447
Example Protocol	p. 456
Test Protocol for Evaluating the Capability of Indigenous Microorganisms	p. 456
Appendix A	p. 461
Definition of Hazardous Waste	p. 461
Listings of Hazardous Waste	p. 463
Ignitability	p. 464
Corrosivity	p. 465
Reactivity	p. 465
Toxicity	p. 465
Mixture and "Derived from" Rules	p. 465
Hazardous Substances List and Contamination Group Codes	p. 466
Calculating Process Requirements	p. 471
Mass Requirements for Electron Acceptor and Nutrients	p. 471
Balancing Redox Reactions	p. 472
Example Problem	p. 475
Delivery Rates for Electron Acceptor and Nutrients	p. 479
Rate of Degradation	p. 479
Example Problem	p. 479
Bioventing Example Problem	p. 482
References	p. 485
Index	p. 503
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Bioremediation Engineering

Design and Applications

At a Glance

Hardcover

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