| Composition and Extraction of Egg Components | |
| Egg Yolk Compounds | |
| Composition and Structure of Hen Egg Yolk | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Composition | p. 1 |
| Macrostructure | p. 4 |
| References | p. 5 |
| Low-density Lipoproteins (LDL) or Lipovitellenin Fraction | p. 7 |
| Introduction | p. 7 |
| LDL Structure and Composition | p. 7 |
| LDL Apoproteins | p. 9 |
| LDL Extraction | p. 11 |
| References | p. 12 |
| High-density Lipoproteins (HDL) or Lipovitellin Fraction | p. 13 |
| Introduction | p. 13 |
| HDL Structure and Composition | p. 13 |
| HDL Extraction | p. 15 |
| References | p. 16 |
| Phosvitin | p. 17 |
| Introduction | p. 17 |
| Phosvitin Composition and Structure | p. 17 |
| Metal Chelating Properties | p. 18 |
| Phosvitin Extraction and Purification | p. 21 |
| References | p. 23 |
| Livetin Fractions (IgY) | p. 25 |
| Introduction | p. 25 |
| Alpha-Livetin | p. 25 |
| Beta-Livetin | p. 26 |
| Gamma-Livetin | p. 26 |
| Molecular Structure of Chicken IgY | p. 26 |
| Biological Function of IgY | p. 27 |
| Transfer from Maternal Blood to Egg Yolk | p. 28 |
| Transfer from Yolk Sac to Embryonic Circulation | p. 29 |
| IgY Extraction | p. 30 |
| References | p. 31 |
| Egg White Compounds | |
| Lysozyme | p. 33 |
| Introduction | p. 33 |
| Characteristics of Lysozyme | p. 33 |
| Antimicrobial Activity of Lysozyme | p. 35 |
| Methods of Lysozyme Isolation | p. 37 |
| Lysozyme Polymeric Forms | p. 38 |
| References | p. 40 |
| Ovotransferrin | p. 43 |
| Introduction | p. 43 |
| Composition | p. 43 |
| Purification and Structure | p. 44 |
| Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity | p. 46 |
| References | p. 48 |
| Ovalbumin and Gene-Related Proteins | p. 51 |
| Introduction | p. 51 |
| Ovalbumin | p. 51 |
| Amino Acid Sequence and Structure | p. 51 |
| Ovalbumin Function | p. 54 |
| S-Ovalbumin | p. 55 |
| Ovalbumin Gene Y | p. 56 |
| Ovalbumin-Related Y Protein | p. 56 |
| References | p. 57 |
| Ovomucin | p. 61 |
| Ovomucin-a Gelling Agent of Egg White | p. 61 |
| Chemical and Physical Properties of Ovomucin | p. 62 |
| Isolation and Purification of Ovomucin | p. 63 |
| Isoelectric Precipitation Method | p. 63 |
| Chromatographic Methods | p. 64 |
| Other Methods | p. 65 |
| Future Trends-Biological Roles of Ovomucin | p. 65 |
| References | p. 66 |
| Riboflavin-Binding Protein (Flavoprotein) | p. 69 |
| Introduction | p. 69 |
| Composition and Structure | p. 69 |
| Synthesis | p. 72 |
| References | p. 73 |
| Avidin | p. 75 |
| Introduction | p. 75 |
| Physiochemical Characteristics | p. 75 |
| Structure and Interactions | p. 76 |
| Extraction and Purification | p. 77 |
| References | p. 78 |
| Proteases | p. 81 |
| Introduction | p. 81 |
| Glutamyl Aminopeptidase (EAP) | p. 82 |
| Methionine-Preferring Broad Specificity Aminopeptidase (MAP) | p. 82 |
| others | p. 83 |
| References | p. 83 |
| Antiproteases | p. 85 |
| Introduction | p. 85 |
| Ovostatin | p. 86 |
| Ovomucoid | p. 87 |
| Ovoinhibitor | p. 88 |
| Chicken Cystatin | p. 89 |
| References | p. 89 |
| Minor Proteins | p. 93 |
| Introduction | p. 93 |
| Lipocalins | p. 93 |
| Extracellular Fatty Acid Binding Protein (Ex-FABP) | p. 94 |
| Chondrogenesis Associated Lipocalin Gamma (CAL gamma) | p. 94 |
| Ovoglycoprotein | p. 95 |
| Clusterin | p. 95 |
| HEP21 | p. 95 |
| Tenp | p. 96 |
| Vitelline Membrane Outer Protein 1 (VMO1) | p. 96 |
| Conclusion | p. 97 |
| References | p. 97 |
| Egg Shell Compounds | |
| Structure and Formation of the Eggshell | p. 99 |
| Introduction | p. 99 |
| Structure of the Eggshell | p. 99 |
| Eggshell Formation | p. 101 |
| References | p. 102 |
| Eggshell Matrix Proteins | p. 103 |
| Introduction | p. 103 |
| Egg White Proteins | p. 104 |
| ubiquitous Proteins | p. 104 |
| Proteins unique to the Eggshell | p. 105 |
| References | p. 106 |
| Function of Eggshell Matrix Proteins | p. 109 |
| Introduction | p. 109 |
| Eggshell Matrix Proteins and Calcification Process | p. 109 |
| Calcium Binding Proteins | p. 110 |
| In vitro Interaction with Mineral Phase | p. 110 |
| In vivo Relationships Between Eggshell Matrix and Eggshell Quality | p. 111 |
| Genomic Approach | p. 112 |
| Antibacterial Activities of Eggshell Matrix Proteins | p. 112 |
| References | p. 113 |
| Use of Egg Compounds for Human Nutrition | |
| Nutritional Evaluation of Egg Compounds | p. 117 |
| The Problem with the Egg | p. 117 |
| Nutritional value of Eggs | p. 117 |
| Nutrient Content per 100 g or per Portion | p. 117 |
| Nutrient Content Expressed as Percentage of RDI | p. 125 |
| Nutrient Profile | p. 129 |
| Importance of Nutrients in Eggs for Human Nutrition | p. 129 |
| Macronutrients | p. 129 |
| Protein | p. 129 |
| Fat | p. 132 |
| Carbohydrates | p. 134 |
| Micronutrients | p. 134 |
| Vitamins | p. 134 |
| Minerals | p. 135 |
| Bioavailability of Nutrients from Eggs | p. 136 |
| Enrichment and Fortification of Nutrients in Eggs | p. 137 |
| Conclusions | p. 140 |
| References | p. 140 |
| Concepts of Hypoallergenicity | p. 145 |
| Introduction | p. 145 |
| Food Allergy overview | p. 146 |
| Molecular Aspects of Food Allergy | p. 146 |
| Molecular Properties of the Major Egg Allergens | p. 146 |
| Role of Glycosylation in Protein Allergenicity | p. 148 |
| Concept of Hypoallergenicity | p. 148 |
| Development of Hypoallergenic Products via Food Processing | p. 148 |
| Thermal Processing | p. 149 |
| Enzymatic Fragmentation | p. 150 |
| Other Food Processing Methods | p. 150 |
| Development of Hypoallergenic Products for Immunotherapeutic Purposes | p. 151 |
| Full Recombinant Allergens | p. 151 |
| Site-Directed Mutagenesis | p. 152 |
| Peptide-Based Immunotherapy | p. 152 |
| Production of Tolerance-Inducing Peptides | p. 153 |
| Blocking IgG-Inducing Peptides [Mimotope (Mimotopes, Clayton, Australia) Immunotherapy] | p. 153 |
| Chemically Modified Allergens (Allergoids) | p. 154 |
| References | p. 155 |
| Egg Enrichment in Omega-3 Fatty Acids | p. 159 |
| Introduction | p. 159 |
| Fatty Acid Requirements in Humans | p. 159 |
| Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Human Body | p. 160 |
| Effects of PUFA on Human Health | p. 160 |
| Lipid Metabolism in Avians and Lipid Composition of Eggs | p. 161 |
| Omega-3 Enriched Eggs as a Means to Improve Human Health | p. 162 |
| Enriched 3 Eggs in Practice | p. 163 |
| Health Benefits of -3 Enriched Eggs | p. 164 |
| Organoleptic Characteristics | p. 165 |
| The -3 Egg in the Market | p. 165 |
| Combined Enrichment with Omega-3 and Natural Antioxidants | p. 167 |
| References | p. 168 |
| Enrichment in Vitamins | p. 171 |
| Introduction | p. 171 |
| Vitamin E Enrichment | p. 172 |
| Vitamin A Enrichment | p. 175 |
| Vitamin D Enrichment | p. 177 |
| Enrichment of Other Vitamins | p. 178 |
| Vitamin K | p. 178 |
| Folacin (Folic Acid) | p. 178 |
| Other Water Soluble Vitamins | p. 179 |
| Contribution by the Consumption of Enriched Eggs to the Recommended Daily Vitamin Intake | p. 179 |
| References | p. 181 |
| Enrichment in Selenium and Other Trace Elements | p. 183 |
| Introduction | p. 183 |
| Selenium-Enriched Products | p. 185 |
| Selenium-Enriched Eggs as a Route Toward Improving Human Selenium Status | p. 186 |
| Conclusions | p. 188 |
| References | p. 190 |
| Use of Eggs for Human/Animal Health and Biotechnology | |
| Egg Compounds and Human/Animal Health | |
| Compounds with Antibacterial Activity | p. 191 |
| Introduction | p. 191 |
| Lysozyme | p. 191 |
| Ovotransferrin | p. 193 |
| Proteinase Inhibitors | p. 194 |
| Other Proteins | p. 195 |
| Conclusions | p. 196 |
| References | p. 196 |
| Egg-Protein-Derived Peptides with Antihypertensive Activity | p. 199 |
| Introduction | p. 199 |
| Food Peptides with ACE-Inhibitory and Antihypertensive Effects | p. 199 |
| Antihypertensive Hydrolysates Obtained from Egg Proteins | p. 201 |
| Antihypertensive Egg Peptides: Bioavailability and Mechanism of Action | p. 203 |
| Conclusions and Future Prospects | p. 208 |
| References | p. 209 |
| Use of IgY Antibodies in Human and Veterinary Medicine | p. 213 |
| Introduction | p. 213 |
| Advantages of IgY Technology | p. 213 |
| Applications of IgY in Biomedical Research and in Human and Veterinary Medicine | p. 214 |
| General Applications | p. 214 |
| IgY for Therapeutic or Prophylactic use in Veterinary Medicine | p. 214 |
| Treatment of Intestinal Infections | p. 214 |
| IgY Application in Aquafarming | p. 215 |
| IgY for Therapeutical or Prophylactic use in Human Medicine | p. 215 |
| Treatment of Intestinal Infections in Children | p. 215 |
| Treatment of Helicobacter Pylori | p. 216 |
| Use of IgY for Treatment of Colitis and Celiac Disease | p. 216 |
| Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis | p. 216 |
| Prophylactic use of IgY in Dental Caries | p. 217 |
| Use of IgY for Treatment of Poisonings | p. 217 |
| Use of IgY as a Tool in the Context of Bioterrorism | p. 218 |
| IgY as a Tool in Proteomics | p. 219 |
| Conclusions and Future Prospects | p. 219 |
| References | p. 219 |
| Egg Compounds with Antioxidant and Mineral Binding Properties | p. 223 |
| Introduction | p. 223 |
| ovotransferrin | p. 223 |
| Ion-Binding Capacity | p. 223 |
| Metal-Binding Capacity and Biological Activities | p. 224 |
| Phosvitin | p. 224 |
| Ion-Binding Capacity | p. 224 |
| Nutraceutical Applications | p. 225 |
| Antibacterial and Emulsifying Properties | p. 225 |
| Antioxidant Activity | p. 225 |
| Medical Domain | p. 226 |
| Food Industry | p. 226 |
| References | p. 227 |
| Use of Lecithin and Lecithin Fractions | p. 229 |
| Definition and Composition | p. 229 |
| Processes for Isolation, Purification and Modification | p. 231 |
| Extraction and Purification | p. 231 |
| Modification | p. 232 |
| Applications | p. 234 |
| Nutritional Field | p. 234 |
| Pharmaceutical Field | p. 236 |
| Cosmetic and other Fields | p. 237 |
| References | p. 238 |
| Egg Compounds and Biotechnology | |
| Extraction of Several Egg Compounds at a Pilot Scale | p. 241 |
| Introduction: Hen Egg is an Endless Reserve for Fractionation Processes | p. 241 |
| Supercritical Fluids - Sustainable Separation Technology | p. 241 |
| Solubility of Egg Compounds in SC-C02 | p. 243 |
| SCF Applications and Egg Yolk | p. 243 |
| The Pilot Scale Method for the Production of TAGs, Pure Phospholipids, and Lipid-Free Fractions From Egg Yolk Using Supercritical Fluids | p. 244 |
| Supercritical Fluid Extraction Steps | p. 244 |
| Supercritical Antisolvent (SAS) Process | p. 245 |
| Analysis of the Egg Yolk Fractions Produced in the Process | p. 245 |
| Utilization of the Resulting Fractions | p. 246 |
| Conclusions | p. 246 |
| References | p. 246 |
| Use of Egg Compounds for Cosmetics and Pharmaceutics | p. 249 |
| Introduction | p. 249 |
| Emulsions Based on Egg Phospholipids used in Pharmaceutics and Cosmetics | p. 250 |
| Liposomes Based on Egg Phospholipids used in Pharmaceutics and Cosmetics | p. 251 |
| Conclusion | p. 254 |
| References | p. 255 |
| Use of Egg Compounds for Cryoprotection of Spermatozoa | p. 259 |
| Introduction | p. 259 |
| Low Density Fraction of Hen Egg Yolk | p. 260 |
| Proposed Mechanisms of LDL Cryoprotection Capacities | p. 261 |
| References | p. 262 |
| Egg-Protein-Based Films and Coatings | p. 265 |
| Introduction | p. 265 |
| Protein-Based Films and Coatings | p. 266 |
| Formulation of Films and Coatings | p. 267 |
| Optimization of Egg Protein Films by Incorporation of Additives | p. 269 |
| Plasticizers | p. 269 |
| Protein Chemical Modification: Crosslinking | p. 270 |
| Other Additives | p. 271 |
| Conclusion | p. 271 |
| References | p. 272 |
| Magnetic Particles for Egg Research | p. 275 |
| Introduction | p. 275 |
| Immobilization of Egg-Related Biologically Active Compounds | p. 275 |
| Isolation of Egg-Related Biologically Active Compounds | p. 276 |
| Magnetic Bioassays of Egg Related Biologically Active Compounds | p. 278 |
| Immunomagnetic Separation of Egg-Related Microbial Pathogens | p. 280 |
| Magnetoliposomes | p. 281 |
| Other Applications of Magnetic Particles | p. 282 |
| Future Trends | p. 282 |
| References | p. 283 |
| Avidin-Biotin Technology | p. 287 |
| The Avidin-Biotin System | p. 287 |
| Biochemical Applications | p. 287 |
| Biomedical Applications | p. 288 |
| How to Get Around the Nonspecific Binding of Avidin | p. 289 |
| References | p. 290 |
| Index | p. 293 |
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