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Basic Methods for the Biochemical Lab elucidates proven lab procedures and practical hints for research in analytical and preparative biochemistry, as well as summarizing key data in numerous tables. To further emphasize the practical aspects and to minimize the text, theoretical introductions into the methods are mostly omitted.
The chapters cover: quantitative methods (proteins, nucleic acids, phospholipids and carbohydrates), electrophoresis (several polyacrylamide and agarose systems, 2D-PAGE, detection methods and affinity electrophoresis), chromatographic protocols (thin-layer chromatography, GPC, IEC, affinity chromatography, HPLC), immunochemical protocols (hapten-carrier and enzyme conjugation, immunization and antibody purification, immune affinity chromatography, ELISA), centrifugation (differential and density gradient centrifugation for cells and cellular fractions), radioactivity (labeling and counting), buffers (buffer properties and compositions).
In additional chapters, tables compile a broad array of useful information, e.g. SI units conversion factor, detergent, protein and nucleotide data, and the basic principles of statistics and enzyme and receptor kinetics are reviewed.
This first English-language edition of a successful German-language manual will be a valuable resource for students and experts in biochemistry, biotechnology and biomedical laboratories.
| Abbreviations | p. XVII |
| Quantitative Methods | p. 1 |
| Quantitative Determinations of Proteins | p. 1 |
| Lowry Protein Quantification | p. 2 |
| Standard Procedure | p. 2 |
| Modification | p. 3 |
| Micromethod on Microtest Plates | p. 4 |
| Protein Determination in the Presence of Interfering Substances | p. 5 |
| Bradford Protein Determination | p. 6 |
| Protein Determination in SDS-PAGE Sample Solutions | p. 7 |
| Protein Determination Using Amido Black | p. 8 |
| BCA Protein Determination | p. 9 |
| BCA Standard Procedure | p. 9 |
| BCA Micromethod | p. 9 |
| Kjeldahl Protein Determination | p. 10 |
| UV Photometric Assay of Protein Concentration | p. 11 |
| Quantitative Determination of Nucleic Acids | p. 13 |
| Schmidt and Thannhauser DNA, RNA, and Protein Separation Procedure | p. 13 |
| Orcin RNA (Ribose) Determination | p. 14 |
| Diphenylamine DNA (Deoxyribose) Determination | p. 14 |
| Quantitative DNA Determination with Fluorescent Dyes | p. 15 |
| Determination of Nucleic Acids | p. 16 |
| Quantitative Phosphate Determinations | p. 17 |
| Determination of Inorganic Phosphate in Biologic Samples | p. 17 |
| Determination of Total Phosphate | p. 18 |
| Phospholipid Determination | p. 18 |
| Monosaccharide Determination | p. 19 |
| Calculations in Quantitative Analysis | p. 20 |
| Electrophoresis | p. 23 |
| Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Systems | p. 23 |
| Laemmli SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis | p. 26 |
| SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis at Neutral pH (NuPAGE) | p. 31 |
| SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis According to Weber, Pringle, and Osborn | p. 32 |
| Urea-SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis for the Separation of Low Molecular Weight Proteins | p. 34 |
| TRICINE-SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis for Proteins and Oligopeptides in the Range of 1000-50 000 Daltons | p. 35 |
| SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis at pH 2.4 | p. 36 |
| Urea-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis for Basic Proteins at pH 2 | p. 37 |
| Anodic Discontinuous Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (Native PAGE) | p. 38 |
| Cathodic Discontinuous Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ((Native PAGE) | p. 39 |
| Affinity Electrophoresis | p. 40 |
| Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (2D-PAGE; IEF followed by SDS-PAGE) | p. 41 |
| First Dimension: Isoelectric Focusing (IEF) | p. 42 |
| Second Dimension: SDS-PAGE (Acrylamide Gradient Gel) | p. 44 |
| Agarose and Paper Electrophoresis | p. 45 |
| Non-denaturating Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis | p. 45 |
| Denaturating Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis | p. 46 |
| Identification of Phosphoamino Acids (Paper Electrophoresis) | p. 48 |
| Aid in Electrophoresis | p. 49 |
| Marker Dyes for Monitoring Electrophoresis | p. 49 |
| Anodic Systems | p. 49 |
| Cathodic Systems | p. 49 |
| Marker Proteins for the Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis | p. 50 |
| Covalently Colored Marker Proteins | p. 52 |
| Staining Protocols | p. 53 |
| Staining with Organic Dyes | p. 53 |
| Amido Black 10 B | p. 54 |
| Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 and G250 | p. 54 |
| Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 Combined with Bismarck Brown R | p. 55 |
| Fast Green FCF | p. 55 |
| Stains All | p. 56 |
| Staining of Proteolipids, Lipids, and Lipoproteins | p. 56 |
| Silver Staining of Proteins in Gels | p. 56 |
| Citrate/Formaldehyde Development | p. 57 |
| Alkaline Development | p. 58 |
| Silver Staining Using Tungstosilicic Acid | p. 58 |
| Silver Staining of Proteins: Formaldehyde Fixation | p. 59 |
| Silver Staining of Glycoproteins and Polysaccharides | p. 60 |
| Enhancement of Silver Staining | p. 60 |
| Reducing of Silver-Stained Gels | p. 61 |
| Copper Staining of SDS-PAGE Gels | p. 61 |
| Staining of Glycoproteins and Polysaccharides in Gels | p. 62 |
| Staining with Schiff's Reagent (PAS Staining) | p. 62 |
| Staining with Thymol | p. 63 |
| Staining of Blotted Proteins on Membranes | p. 63 |
| Staining on Nitrocellulose with Dyes | p. 63 |
| Staining on Nitrocellulose with Colloidal Gold | p. 64 |
| Staining on PVDF Blotting Membranes with Dyes | p. 65 |
| Electroelution from Gels | p. 66 |
| Preparative Electroelution of Proteins from Polyacrylamide Gels | p. 66 |
| Removal of SDS | p. 67 |
| Electrotransfer of Proteins onto Membranes (Electroblotting; Western Blot): Semi-dry Blotting | p. 68 |
| Immunochemical Detection of Antigens After Electrotransfer (Immunoblotting) | p. 70 |
| Detection Using Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) | p. 72 |
| Detection Using Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) | p. 73 |
| Chemiluminescence Detection on Blotting Membranes | p. 74 |
| Chemiluminescence Using HRP | p. 74 |
| Chemiluminescence Using AP | p. 74 |
| Carbohydrate-Specific Glycoprotein Detection After Electrotransfer | p. 75 |
| General Carbohydrate Detection on Western Blots | p. 76 |
| Affinity Blotting | p. 77 |
| Transfer of Nucleic Acids (Southern and Northern Blot) | p. 78 |
| Drying of Electrophoresis Gels | p. 79 |
| Autoradiography of Radioactive Labeled Compounds in Gels | p. 80 |
| Chromatography | p. 83 |
| Thin-Layer Chromatography | p. 83 |
| Identification of the N-terminal Amino Acid in Polypeptides (TLC of Modified Amino Acids | p. 83 |
| Thin-Layer Chromatography of Nucleoside Phosphates | p. 85 |
| Gradient Thin-Layer Chromatography of Nucleotides | p. 85 |
| Identification of Phosphates on TLC Plates | p. 87 |
| Lipid Extraction and TLC of Lipids | p. 88 |
| Hints for Column Chromatography of Proteins | p. 89 |
| Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC; Gel Filtration, GF; Size-Exclusion Chromatography, SEC) | p. 93 |
| Selection of Supports | p. 96 |
| Filling of a Gel Filtration Column | p. 97 |
| Sample Application and Chromatographic Separation (Elution) | p. 97 |
| Cleaning and Storage | p. 98 |
| Determination of Void Volume V[subscript 0] and Total Volume V[subscript t] | p. 99 |
| Removing of Unbound Biotin After Conjugation by Gel Filtration ("Desalting") | p. 99 |
| Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEC) | p. 102 |
| Preparation of Ion Exchange Supports | p. 103 |
| Capacity Test | p. 104 |
| Sample Application | p. 104 |
| Elution | p. 105 |
| Cleaning and Regeneration | p. 105 |
| High-Performance Ion Exchange Chromatography (HPIEC) of Mono- and Oligosaccharides | p. 106 |
| Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) | p. 107 |
| Capacity Test | p. 107 |
| Elution | p. 108 |
| Regeneration | p. 108 |
| Analytical HPLC of Hapten-Protein Conjugates | p. 108 |
| Affinity Chromatography (AC) | p. 109 |
| Cyanogen Bromide Activation of Polysaccharide-Based Supports | p. 113 |
| Determination of the Degree of Activation | p. 114 |
| Coupling to Cyanogen Bromide-Activated Gels | p. 114 |
| Quantitative Determination of Coupled Diamine Spacers with 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid | p. 115 |
| Quantitative Determination of Immobilized Protein | p. 116 |
| Immobilization of Wheat Germ Agglutinin | p. 116 |
| Affinity Purification of HRP | p. 117 |
| Affinity Chromatography of Immunoglobulins on Immobilized Antibodies (Immunoaffinity Chromatography, IAC) | p. 117 |
| Affinity Chromatography of Rabbit IgG on Protein-A Supports | p. 118 |
| Activation of Sepharose with Epichlorohydrin | p. 119 |
| Determination of Epoxy Residues | p. 119 |
| Immobilization of Monosaccharides (Fucose) | p. 119 |
| Activation with Divinylsulfone | p. 120 |
| Coupling of Reactive Dyes to Polysaccharides (Dye-Ligand Chromatography) | p. 121 |
| Covalent Coupling of Biotin (Biotin-Avidin/Streptavidin System) | p. 121 |
| Metal Chelate Chromatography of Proteins Containing His[subscript 6]-Tag | p. 123 |
| Concentration of Diluted Protein Solutions | p. 124 |
| Acidic Precipitation | p. 124 |
| Salting Out | p. 124 |
| Precipitation Using Organic Substances | p. 125 |
| Lyophilization (Freeze Drying) | p. 126 |
| Ultrafiltration | p. 127 |
| Immunochemical Protocols | p. 129 |
| Conjugation of Haptens (Peptides) to Carrier Proteins | p. 129 |
| Activation of Proteins with Traut's Reagent Yielding Proteins with Additional Free SH Groups | p. 132 |
| Conjugation of MCA-Gly Peptides to SH-Carrying Proteins | p. 132 |
| Conjugation of Sulfhydryl Peptides Using 4-(N-Maleimidomethyl)-Cyclohexane-l-Carbonic Acid N-Hydroxysuccinimide Ester (SMCC) | p. 133 |
| [beta]-Galactosidase-Immunoglobulin Conjugate (Coupling via SH Groups) | p. 134 |
| Enzyme Reaction of[beta]-Galactosidase | p. 134 |
| Carbodiimide Coupling of Peptides to Carrier Proteins with 1-Ethyl-3-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-Carbodiimide (EDAC, EDC) | p. 134 |
| Conjugation of Horseradish Peroxidase (Glycoproteins) by Periodate Oxidation | p. 135 |
| Conjugation of Peptides to Carrier Proteins Using Glutaraldehyde (Two-Step Procedure) | p. 136 |
| Conjugation of HRP to Antibodies with Glutaraldehyde | p. 137 |
| Alkaline Phosphatase-Immunoglobulin Conjugate (Glutaraldehyde Protocol) | p. 138 |
| Enzymatic Reaction of Alkaline Phosphatase from Calf Intestine | p. 138 |
| Labeling of Immunoglobulins with Fluorescent Dyes | p. 138 |
| Protein-Colloidal Gold Conjugates | p. 141 |
| Preparation of Colloidal Gold Sol | p. 141 |
| Adsorption of Protein to Colloidal Gold | p. 142 |
| Immunization of Laboratory Animals | p. 143 |
| Ammonium Sulfate Fractionation of Immunoglobulins | p. 144 |
| Removal of Unspecific Immunoreactivities | p. 146 |
| Preparation of Tissue Powder (Liver Powder) | p. 148 |
| Preparation of Egg Yolk IgY Fraction | p. 148 |
| Antibody Fragmentation | p. 149 |
| F(ab[prime])2 Fragments from IgG | p. 149 |
| Fab[prime] Fragments (Rabbit) | p. 150 |
| Fab Fragments (Rabbit) | p. 150 |
| Heidelberger Curve (Precipitin Curve) | p. 150 |
| Ouchterlony Double-Radial Immunodiffusion | p. 151 |
| Purification of Agar | p. 151 |
| Preparation of Slides | p. 151 |
| Immunodiffusion | p. 152 |
| Visualization of the Precipitin Lines | p. 152 |
| Immunoprecipitation of Antigens | p. 153 |
| Immunoelectrophoresis | p. 154 |
| Counterelectrophoresis | p. 155 |
| Dot-Blot Assay | p. 156 |
| Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay (EIA, ELISA) | p. 157 |
| Indirect EIA with HRP Conjugate | p. 158 |
| Determination of Enzyme Activity | p. 159 |
| Isotype Determination | p. 160 |
| Centrifugation | p. 161 |
| Speed vs Centrifugal Force Graphs | p. 161 |
| Differential Centrifugation | p. 164 |
| Density Gradient Centrifugation | p. 165 |
| Pre-formed Discontinuous Gradient Centrifugation: Isolation of Liver Cell Nuclei | p. 166 |
| Sucrose Gradient Centrifugation: Preparation of Surface Membranes (Sarcolemma, SL) of Heart Muscle Cells | p. 167 |
| Determination of a Marker Enzyme: Ouabain-Sensitive Na,K-ATPase | p. 172 |
| Receptor Determination: DHP Binding Sites on Surface Membranes | p. 173 |
| Determination of the Dissociation and Association Kinetics of the DHP Receptors | p. 174 |
| RNA Separation by Non-Denaturating Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation | p. 175 |
| Denaturating RNA Gradient Centrifugation | p. 176 |
| Isopycnic Centrifugation | p. 177 |
| Purification of High Molecular Weight DNA in CsCl Gradients | p. 177 |
| Cell Fractionation Using Percoll | p. 178 |
| Preparation of Human Lymphocytes | p. 179 |
| Radioactive Labeling | p. 181 |
| Radioactive Decay | p. 182 |
| Decay Tables for 32-Phosphorus, 35-Sulfur, and 125-Iodine | p. 183 |
| Enzymatic [[superscript 32]P]-Phosphate Incorporation into Proteins | p. 185 |
| Iodination with [[superscript 125]I]-Iodine Reagents | p. 187 |
| Chloramine-T Protocol | p. 187 |
| Iodination with Bolton-Hunter Reagent | p. 188 |
| Scintillation Cocktails for Liquid Scintillation Counting | p. 188 |
| Buffers | p. 191 |
| Theoretical Considerations | p. 191 |
| Plot for Buffer Calculations | p. 198 |
| pH Indicators | p. 199 |
| Buffer Recipes | p. 199 |
| Commonly Used Buffers | p. 201 |
| Buffers and Media for Tissue and Cell Culture and Organ Perfusion | p. 204 |
| pH Calibration Buffers | p. 206 |
| Volatile Buffers | p. 207 |
| Tables | p. 209 |
| Concentration Units | p. 209 |
| Conversion Factors for SI Units | p. 210 |
| Data of Frequently Used Substances | p. 212 |
| Protein Data | p. 216 |
| Protease Inhibitors | p. 221 |
| Single-Letter Codes and Molecular Masses of Amino Acids | p. 222 |
| Spectroscopic Data of Nucleotides | p. 225 |
| Detergents ("Surfactants") | p. 225 |
| Refractive Index and Density of Sucrose Solutions | p. 228 |
| Ammonium Sulfate Saturation Table | p. 229 |
| Diluted Solutions | p. 231 |
| Mixture Rule | p. 232 |
| Statistics and Data Analysis | p. 233 |
| Statistical Equations | p. 233 |
| Mean and Related Functions | p. 233 |
| Correlation: Linear Regression | p. 234 |
| The t-test (Student's Test) | p. 236 |
| Data Analysis | p. 237 |
| Receptor-Ligand Binding | p. 237 |
| Enzyme Kinetics | p. 240 |
| Determination of Molecular Mass by SDS-PAGE | p. 243 |
| Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity | p. 244 |
| Software for the Lab | p. 244 |
| Data Analysis and Presentation | p. 245 |
| Software for Statistics | p. 245 |
| Other Software | p. 245 |
| Selected Internet Links | p. 246 |
| Subject Index | p. 247 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9783540327851
ISBN-10: 3540327851
Series: Springer Lab Manuals
Published: 19th July 2006
Format: Paperback
Language: English
Number of Pages: 272
Audience: Professional and Scholarly
Publisher: Springer Nature B.V.
Country of Publication: DE
Dimensions (cm): 23.5 x 15.88 x 1.91
Weight (kg): 0.42
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