| Foreword | p. vii |
| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgements | p. xvii |
| Security, Anxiety, and Distress | |
| Prototypes of Human Sorrow | p. 3 |
| Responses of young children to separation from mother | p. 3 |
| Conditions leading to intense responses | p. 6 |
| Conditions mitigating the intensity of responses | p. 16 |
| Presence or absence of mother figure: a key variable | p. 22 |
| The Place of Separation and Loss in Psychopathology | p. 25 |
| Problem and perspective | p. 25 |
| Separation anxiety and other forms of anxiety | p. 30 |
| A challenge for theory | p. 30 |
| Behaviour with and without Mother: Humans | p. 33 |
| Naturalistic observations | p. 33 |
| Experimental Studies | p. 39 |
| Ontogeny of responses to separation | p. 52 |
| Behaviour with and without Mother: Non-human Primates | p. 57 |
| Naturalistic observations | p. 57 |
| Early experimental studies | p. 60 |
| Further studies by Hinde and Spencer-Booth | p. 69 |
| An Ethological Approach to Human Fear | |
| Basic Postulates in Theories of Anxiety and Fear | p. 77 |
| Anxiety allied to fear | p. 77 |
| Models of motivation and their effects on theory | p. 79 |
| Puzzling phobia or natural fear | p. 83 |
| Forms of Behaviour Indicative of Fear | p. 87 |
| An empirical approach | p. 87 |
| Withdrawal behaviour and attachment behaviour | p. 89 |
| Feeling afraid and its variants: feeling alarmed and feeling anxious | p. 92 |
| Situations that Arouse Fear in Humans | p. 96 |
| A difficult field of study | p. 96 |
| Fear-arousing situations: the first year | p. 99 |
| Fear-arousing situations: the second and later years | p. 105 |
| Compound situations | p. 118 |
| Fear behaviour and the development of attachment | p. 119 |
| Situations that Arouse Fear in Animals | p. 124 |
| Natural clues to potential danger | p. 124 |
| Fear behaviour of non-human primates | p. 127 |
| Compound situations | p. 134 |
| Fear, attack, and exploration | p. 136 |
| Natural Clues to Danger and Safety | p. 138 |
| Better safe than sorry | p. 138 |
| Potential danger of being alone | p. 142 |
| Potential safety of familiar companions and environment | p. 146 |
| Maintaining a stable relationship with the familiar environment: a form of homeostasis | p. 148 |
| Natural Clues, Cultural Clues, and the Assessment of Danger | p. 151 |
| Clues of three kinds | p. 151 |
| Real danger: difficulties of assessment | p. 153 |
| 'Imaginary' dangers | p. 156 |
| Cultural clues learnt from others | p. 158 |
| Continuing role of the natural clues | p. 161 |
| Behaviour in disaster | p. 166 |
| Rationalization, Misattribution, and Projection | p. 169 |
| Difficulties in identifying situations that arouse fear | p. 169 |
| Misattribution and the role of projection | p. 172 |
| The case of Schreber: a re-examination | p. 174 |
| Fear of Separation | p. 178 |
| Hypotheses regarding its development | p. 178 |
| Need for two terminologies | p. 182 |
| Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Fear: Anxious Attachment | |
| Some Variables responsible for Individual Differences | p. 187 |
| Constitutional variables | p. 187 |
| Experiences and processes that reduce susceptibility to fear | p. 191 |
| Experiences and processes that increase susceptibility to fear | p. 196 |
| Susceptibility to Fear and the Availability of Attachment Figures | p. 201 |
| Forecasting the availability of an attachment figure | p. 201 |
| Working models of attachment figures and of self | p. 203 |
| The role of experience in determining working models | p. 207 |
| A note on use of the terms 'mature' and 'immature' | p. 209 |
| Anxious Attachment and Some Conditions that Promote it | p. 211 |
| 'Overdependency' or anxious attachment | p. 211 |
| Anxious attachment of children reared without a permanent mother figure | p. 215 |
| Anxious attachment after a period of separation or of daily substitute care | p. 220 |
| Anxious attachment following threats of abandonment or suicide | p. 226 |
| 'Overdependency' and the Theory of Spoiling | p. 237 |
| Some contrasting theories | p. 237 |
| Studies of 'overdependency' and its antecedents | p. 240 |
| Anger, Anxiety, and Attachment | p. 245 |
| Anger: a response to separation | p. 245 |
| Anger: functional and dysfunctional | p. 246 |
| Anger, ambivalence, and anxiety | p. 253 |
| Anxious Attachment and the 'Phobias' of Childhood | p. 258 |
| Phobia, pseudophobia, and anxiety state | p. 258 |
| 'School phobia' or school refusal | p. 261 |
| Two classical cases of childhood phobia: a reappraisal | p. 283 |
| Animal phobias in childhood | p. 289 |
| Anxious Attachment and 'Agoraphobia' | p. 292 |
| Symptomatology and theories of 'agoraphobia' | p. 292 |
| Pathogenic patterns of family interaction | p. 299 |
| 'Agoraphobia', bereavement, and depression | p. 309 |
| A note on response to treatment | p. 310 |
| Omission, Suppression, and Falsification of Family Context | p. 313 |
| Secure Attachment and the Growth of Self-reliance | p. 322 |
| Personality development and family experience | p. 322 |
| Studies of adolescents and young adults | p. 328 |
| Studies of young children | p. 350 |
| Self-reliance and reliance on others | p. 359 |
| Pathways for the Growth of Personality | p. 363 |
| The nature of individual variation: alternative models | p. 363 |
| Developmental pathways and homeorhesis | p. 366 |
| One person's pathway: some determinants | p. 369 |
| Appendices | |
| Separation Anxiety: Review of Literature | p. 375 |
| Psychoanalysis and Evolution Theory | p. 399 |
| Problems of Terminology | p. 404 |
| Additional Notes | p. 409 |
| References | p. 415 |
| Additional References | p. 436 |
| Index | p. 439 |
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