Introduction xvii
About the Author xix
Chapter 1 Radiant Heating 1
Types of Radiant Panel Heating Systems 2
Floor Panel Systems 2
Ceiling Panel Systems 2
Wall Panel Systems 5
Hydronic Radiant Floor Heating 6
System Components 6
Designing a Hydronic Radiant Floor Heating System 28
Coils and Coil Patterns 41
Installing a Hydronic Radiant Floor Heating System (PEX Tubing) 44
Servicing and Maintaining Hydronic Radiant Floor Heating Systems 49
Troubleshooting Hydronic Floor Radiant Heating Systems 49
Hydronic Radiant Heating Snow- and Ice-Melting Systems 51
Electric Radiant Floor Heating 52
Installing Electric Heating Mats or Rolls 58
Installing Electric Cable 65
Servicing and Maintaining an Electric Radiant Floor Heating System 67
Troubleshooting Electric Radiant Floor Heating Systems 67
Cooling for Hydronic Radiant Floor Systems 68
Chapter 2 Radiators, Convectors, and Unit Heaters 71
Radiators 72
Radiator Efficiency 74
Radiator Heat Output 77
Sizing Radiators 78
Installing Radiators 79
Radiator Valves 86
Radiator Piping Connections 92
Vents and Venting 93
Steam Traps 99
Troubleshooting Radiators 99
Convectors 100
Convector Piping Connections 101
Hydronic Fan Convectors 106
Troubleshooting Hydronic Fan Convectors 106
Steam and Hot-Water Baseboard Heaters 107
Construction Details 108
Integral Fin-and-Tube Baseboard Heaters 112
Installing Baseboard Units 113
Baseboard Heater Maintenance 119
Electric Baseboard Heaters 119
Installing Electric Baseboard Heaters 124
Kickspace Heaters 127
Floor and Window Recessed Heaters 129
Unit Heaters 130
Unit Heater Piping Connections 135
Unit Heater Controls 138
Gas-Fired Unit Heaters 140
Oil-Fired Unit Heaters 141
Chapter 3 Fireplaces, Stoves, and Chimneys 145
Fireplaces 145
Fireplace Location 145
Fireplace Dimensions 146
Fireplace Construction Details 149
Firebox, Lintel, and Mantel 150
Fireplace Hearth 151
Ash Dump, Ashpit, and Cleanout Door 152
Smoke Chamber 152
Fireplace Dampers 153
Modified Fireplaces 156
Freestanding Fireplaces 157
Rumford Fireplace 158
Chimney Draft 162
Chimney Construction Details 164
Chimney Flues and Chimney Liners 165
Smoke Pipe 167
Cleanout Trap 168
Chimney Downdraft 168
Prefabricated Metal Chimneys 169
Troubleshooting Fireplaces and Chimneys 169
Stoves, Ranges, and Heaters 169
Installation Instructions 177
Operating Instructions 178
Chapter 4 Water Heaters 179
Types of Water Heaters 179
Direct-Fired Water Heaters 180
Automatic Storage Water Heaters 180
Multicoil Water Heaters 182
Multiflue Water Heaters 183
Instantaneous Water Heaters 184
Indirect Water Heaters 185
Quick-Recovery Heaters 189
Slow-Recovery Heaters 189
Heat Pump Water Heaters 190
Combination Water Heaters 191
Water Heater Construction Details 192
Water Storage Tanks 193
Tank Fittings 194
Dip Tubes 194
Anodes 197
Valves 197
Safety ReliefValves 197
Vacuum ReliefValve 206
Gas-Fired Water Heaters 209
Storage Capacity 209
Gas Burners 210
Automatic Controls on Gas-Fired Water Heaters 210
Combination Gas Valve 221
Installation and Operation of Gas-Fired Water Heaters 225
Hot-Water Circulating Methods 230
Building and Safety Code Requirements 230
Lighting and Operating Instructions 231
Installation and Maintenance Checklist 232
Troubleshooting Gas-Fired Water Heaters 233
Oil-Fired Water Heaters 238
Electric Water Heaters 240
Troubleshooting Electric Water Heaters 242
Manual Water Heaters 245
Assembly and Installation of Manual Water Heaters 246
Solar Water Heaters 246
Chapter 5 Heating Swimming Pools 249
Classifying Pool Heaters 251
Gas-Fired Pool Heaters 255
Oil-Fired Pool Heaters 259
Electric Pool Heaters 260
Heat-Exchanger Pool Heaters 263
Solar Pool Heaters 264
Heat Pump Pool Heaters 267
Sizing Pool Heaters 267
The Surface-Area Method 270
The Time-Rise Method 271
Sizing Indoor Pool Heaters 271
Installing Pool Heaters 271
Pool Heater Repair and Maintenance 273
Troubleshooting Pool Heaters and Equipment 274
Chapter 6 Ventilation Principles 281
The Motive Force 282
Inductive Action of the Wind 282
Induced Draft 285
Combined Force of Wind Effect and Thermal Effect 285
Mechanical Ventilation 287
Air Ventilation Requirements 287
Roof Ventilators 289
Types of Roof Ventilators 289
Stationary-Head Ventilators 290
Revolving Ventilators 290
Turbine Ventilators 291
Ridge Ventilators 293
Siphonage Ventilators 294
Fan Ventilators 294
Components of a Roof Ventilator 295
Motive Force to Cause Air Circulation 296
Capacity of Ventilators 296
Design and Placement of Inlet Air Openings 298
Fresh Air Requirements 299
Ventilator Bases 299
Angle Rings 302
Stiffener Angles 303
Prefabricated Roof Curbs 303
Ventilator Dampers 304
Louver Dampers 305
Sliding Sleeve Dampers 306
Sliding Cone Dampers 306
Butterfly Dampers 306
Method of Calculating Number and Size of Ventilators Required 307
Ventilator Calculation Examples 308
Air Leakage 309
Garage Ventilation 310
Ventilation of Kitchens 311
General Ventilation Rules 312
Chapter 7 Ventilation and Exhaust Fans 315
Codes and Standards 315
Definitions 315
Types of Fans 317
Furnace Blowers 319
Basic Fan Laws 319
Series and Parallel Fan Operation 321
Fan Performance Curves 322
General Ventilation 322
Determining CFM by the Air-Change Method 323
Determining CFM by the Heat Removal Method 325
Determining Air Intake 326
Screen Efficiency 326
Static Pressure 327
Local Ventilation 328
Exhaust-Hood Design
Recommendations 332
Fan Motors 333
Troubleshooting Fans 337
Fan Selection 341
Fan Installation 344
Fan Installation Checklist 344
Air Volume Control 347
Noise Control 347
Fan Applications 347
Attic Ventilating Fans 348
Exhaust Fans 355
Kitchen Exhaust Fans 355
Bathroom Exhaust Fans 356
Whole-House Ventilation 356
Chapter 8 Air-Conditioning 361
Properties of Air 362
Humidity 362
Temperature 365
Pressure 368
Compression and Cooling 370
Measuring the Physical Properties of Air 372
Cleaning and Filtering the Air 374
Standards of Comfort 376
The Comfort Chart 377
Cooling Load Estimate Form 379
Indoor-Outdoor Design Conditions 383
Ventilation Requirements 384
Cooling a Structure 386
External Sources of Heat 386
Internal Sources of Heat 392
Calculating Infiltration and Ventilation Heat Gain 394
Rule-of-Thumb Methods for Sizing Air Conditioners 394
HVAC Contractor’s Cooling Load Estimate 395
Using the ACCA Design Manuals for Sizing Air-Conditioning Systems 396
Central Air-Conditioning 397
Cooling Methods 397
Central Air-Conditioning Applications 410
Room Air Conditioners 421
Chapter 9 Air-Conditioning Equipment 423
Mechanical Refrigeration Equipment 423
Compressors 424
Troubleshooting Compressors 430
Compressor Replacement 435
Electric Motors 435
Troubleshooting Electrical Motors 436
Gas Engines 437
Electrical Components 437
Troubleshooting Electrical Components 438
Condenser 439
Condenser Service and Maintenance 442
Troubleshooting Condensers 443
Receiver 443
Evaporator 447
Evaporator Service and Maintenance 447
Troubleshooting Evaporators 447
Refrigerants 448
Liquid Refrigerant Control Devices 449
Automatic Expansion Valves 449
Thermostatic Expansion Valves 450
Float Valves 453
Capillary Tubes 454
Refrigerant Piping 454
Refrigerant Piping Service and
Maintenance 455
Troubleshooting Refrigerant Piping 456
Filters and Dryers 457
Pressure-Limiting Controls 457
Water-Regulating Valves 458
Automatic Controls 459
System Troubleshooting 459
General Servicing and Maintenance 460
Regular Maintenance 463
Pumping Down 464
Purging 464
Evacuating the System 464
Charging 465
Silver-Brazing Repairs 467
Chapter 10 Heat Pumps 471
Heat Pump Operating Principles 471
Heating Cycle 471
Cooling Cycle 473
Defrost Cycle 473
Types of Heat Pumps 476
Air-Source Heat Pumps 476
Ground-Source Heat Pumps 481
Water-Source Heat Pumps 483
Other Types of Heat Pumps 485
Gas-Fired Heat Pumps 485
Dual-Fuel Heat Pump System 486
Dual-Source Heat Pumps 486
Ductless Heat Pumps 487
Heat Pump Performance and Efficiency Ratings 487
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) 488
Heating Season Performance Factor (HSPF) 488
Coefficiency of Performance (COP) 488
Energy Efficiency Rating (EER) 488
Energy Star Rating 488
Heat Pump System Components 488
Compressor 490
Indoor Coil and Blower 491
Outdoor Coil and Fan 491
Refrigerant Lines 491
Reversing Valve and Solenoid 491
Thermostatic Expansion Valve 493
Desuperheater 494
Control Box 494
Fan/Blower Motors 499
Heat Pump Defrost System 499
High-Pressure Switch 500
Low-Pressure Switch 501
Other Electric/Electronic Heat Pump Controls and Connections 501
Accumulator 501
Room Thermostat 501
Service Valves and Gauge Ports 502
Gauge Manifold 503
Filter Dryer 503
Crankcase Heater 503
Muffler 505
Sizing Heat Pumps 505
Heat Pump Installation
Recommendations 507
Heat Pump Operating Instructions 510
Heating 510
Cooling 511
Heat Pump Service and Maintenance 511
Service and Maintenance Checklist 512
Adjusting Heat Pump Refrigerant Charge 513
Troubleshooting Heat Pumps 514
Troubleshooting Heat Pump
Compressors 517
Chapter 11 Humidifiers and Dehumidifiers 519
Humidifiers 521
Spray Humidifiers 522
Pan Humidifiers 523
Stationary-Pad Humidifiers 524
Steam Humidifiers 524
Bypass Humidifiers 525
Power Humidifiers 526
Automatic Controls 526
Installation Instructions 529
Service and Maintenance Suggestions 534
Troubleshooting Humidifiers 535
Dehumidifiers 537
Absorption Dehumidifiers 538
Spray Dehumidifiers 541
Refrigeration Dehumidifiers 541
Automatic Controls 542
Installation Suggestions 542
Operating and Maintenance Suggestions 542
Troubleshooting Dehumidifiers 543
Chapter 12 Air Cleaners and Filters 547
Electronic Air Cleaners 547
Charged-Media Air Cleaners 549
Two-Stage Air Cleaners 553
Automatic Controls 554
Clogged-Filter Indicator 556
Performance Lights 557
Sail Switch 559
In-Place Water-Wash Controls 561
Cabinet-Model Control Panels 563
Installation Instructions 564
Electrical Wiring 564
Maintenance Instructions 565
Replacing Tungsten Ionizing Wires 568
Troubleshooting Electronic Air Cleaners 569
Air Washers 571
Air Filters 572
Dry Air Filters 574
Viscous Air Filters 574
Filter Installation and Maintenance 575
Appendix A Professional and Trade Associations 577
Appendix B Manufacturers 589
Appendix C HVAC/R Education, Training, Certification, and Licensing 601
Appendix D Data Tables 605
Appendix E Psychrometric Charts 643
Index 647
