Astrophysics of the Diffuse Universe

By: Michael A. Dopita, Ralph S. Sutherland

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Hardcover | 20 October 2004

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458 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 1.91

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Our purpose in writing this book is to show how physics has been applied to developing our current understanding of the phase structure, physical condi- tions, chemical makeup and, evolution of the (thermal) interstellar medium. We hope it provides an up-to-date overview which postgraduates, advanced undergraduates, and professionals in astrophysics can use as a "reference of first resort" before going on to read the more specialist monographs or research literature. We have covered the exciting observational results, but without consideration of the experimental techniques or instruments required. An elementary understanding of mathematical physics and of quantum me- chanics has been assumed, and a knowledge of basic astrophysics would be helpful. Older textbooks on interstellar physics have tended to develop the subject matter in an order which reflects the historical development of the field. Here a more pedagological approach has been adopted, based on our lecture course experience. We cover successively more complex physical systems found in the diffuse universe. Detailed mathematical rigour is eschewed in favour of provid- ing the reader with a basic physical insight into these systems. Astrophysical problems are treated as practical applications of the physics. In practice, the material is generally ranked in order of decreasing entropy, since the hottest and most diffuse phases tend to be physically less complex.

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Published: 1st December 2010

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What Is the Diffuse Universe?	p. 1
Phases	p. 6
Observability	p. 8
Line Emission Processes	p. 11
Atomic Spectra	p. 11
Resonance Lines	p. 11
Pure Recombination Lines	p. 14
Spectroscopic Notation	p. 20
Intercombination and Forbidden Lines	p. 22
Molecular Spectra	p. 24
Rotating Molecules	p. 25
The Rigid Linear Rotator	p. 26
* The Nonrigid Linear Rotator	p. 28
* Polyatomic Linear Rotators	p. 29
Vibrating Molecules	p. 31
Ro-Vibrational Spectra	p. 33
Electronic Molecular Spectra	p. 35
The Franck-Condon Principle	p. 36
Ro-Vib-Electronic Molecular Spectra	p. 37
Exercises	p. 40
Collisional Excitation	p. 41
Collisional Excitation by Electron Impact	p. 42
Limiting Cases	p. 45
The Three-Level Atom	p. 46
Low-Density Limit; E₁₂ ∼ E₂₃	p. 48
Ions in Which <$>E_{23} \ll E_{12}<$>	p. 49
Infrared Line Diagnostics	p. 53
The General Multilevel Atom	p. 54
Exercises	p. 56
Line Transfer Effects	p. 59
Resonance Line Transfer	p. 59
Resonance Line Absorption by Heavy Elements	p. 60
Absorption Line Studies of the ISM	p. 62
Line Transfer in Emission Resonance Lines	p. 67
Escape Probabilities	p. 68
Mean Transmission Probabilities	p. 69
Mean Escape Probabilities - Emissivities	p. 70
Nebula Line Transfer	p. 72
Line Transfer in the Lyman Series	p. 73
The HI 21 cm Line	p. 75
HI Observations of Disk Galaxies	p. 77
Fluorescent Processes	p. 82
* The Bowen Mechanism	p. 82
* O I Fluorescence with Lyß	p. 84
* H₂ Fluorescence with Ly¿	p. 85
* Raman Scattering Fluorescence	p. 86
Astrophysical Masers	p. 88
Theory	p. 88
* Observations of Galactic Masers	p. 91
* Observations of Extragalactic Masers	p. 96
Exercises	p. 99
Collisional Ionization Equilibrium	p. 101
Collisional Ionization	p. 102
The Case of Hydrogen	p. 104
Recombination	p. 105
Radiative Recombination Rates	p. 106
Dielectronic Recombination Rates	p. 107
Photoionization	p. 108
From Outer Shells	p. 108
Inner Shell Photoionization	p. 110
The Milne Relation	p. 111
Photoionization Cross Sections	p. 112
Charge-Exchange	p. 114
Coronal Equilibrium	p. 118
The Case of a Pure Hydrogen Plasma	p. 119
Ionization Equilibrium of Heavy Elements	p. 119
Exercises	p. 122
Continuum and Recombination Line Processes	p. 125
Free-Free Continuum Emission	p. 125
* Free-Free Gaunt Factors	p. 127
The Free-Bound Continuum	p. 132
Continuum Emission Coefficients	p. 133
The Two-Photon Process	p. 135
Recombination Line Emission	p. 138
Recombination Line Spectra	p. 138
* The Radio Recombination Lines	p. 140
Cooling Plasmas	p. 143
The Cooling Function	p. 143
Conditions for Nonequilibrium Cooling	p. 146
* Heat Transport	p. 151
* Electron Conduction	p. 151
* Boundary Layer Mixing	p. 153
* Cold Clouds in Hot Gas	p. 154
Thermal Instabilities	p. 157
In a Stationary Medium	p. 157
* In an Expanding Medium	p. 159
The Recombination Era of the Universe	p. 161
Hot Galactic Coronae	p. 162
Early-Type Galaxies	p. 162
Clusters of Galaxies	p. 165
Disk Galaxies	p. 168
Exercises	p. 173
Interstellar Shocks	p. 175
Why Do Shocks Exist?	p. 175
J-Shocks	p. 180
The Rankine-Hugoniot Jump Conditions	p. 182
Radiationless Shocks	p. 182
Isothermal Shocks	p. 184
The Drivers of Interstellar Shocks	p. 186
Supernova Explosions	p. 187
Stellar Wind Bubbles	p. 191
* Galactic Jet-Driven Bubbles	p. 193
The Radiative Properties of J-shocks	p. 196
* Radiation Properties of Shock Fronts	p. 196
The Structure of Radiative J-Shocks	p. 200
Spectra of Old Supernova Remnants	p. 204
* Spectra of Herbig-Haro Objects	p. 206
C-Shocks	p. 209
* The Structure and Spectrum of C-Shocks	p. 210
Exercises	p. 214
The Theory of Photoionized Regions	p. 219
Photoionization of Hydrogen H II Regions	p. 220
Equilibrium Ionization Parameters	p. 220
The Diffuse Field: Case A and Case B	p. 224
Ionization Fronts	p. 225
* Jump Conditions in Ionization Fronts	p. 227
* Photoionization of Neutral Condensations	p. 230
H II Regions with Heavy Elements	p. 233
Ionization Structure of Hydrogen and Helium Nebulae	p. 233
Nebular Structure with Heavy Elements	p. 238
Nebular Equilibrium Temperature	p. 238
Photoionization by X-ray Sources	p. 242
Radio Continuum of H II Regions	p. 243
Exercises	p. 246
Parameters of Photoionized Regions	p. 249
Nebular Parameters	p. 249
Nebular Temperature	p. 249
Ionized Masses and Densities	p. 253
Ionizing Source Parameters	p. 255
UV Flux Distribution	p. 255
Stellar Atmospheric Modelling	p. 255
Zanstra Temperatures	p. 257
Energy Balance (Stoy) Temperatures	p. 259
Photoionization Modelling	p. 260
Ionization Correction Factors	p. 262
Self-Consistent Photoionization Modelling	p. 263
Abundances	p. 264
Galactic Abundance Gradients from HII Regions	p. 265
*Abundances in Planetary Nebulae (PNe)	p. 267
* Nova Shells	p. 272
Exercises	p. 276
Photoionizing Shocks	p. 277
Radiative Properties of Fast Shocks	p. 279
Production of Photoionized Shock Precursors	p. 279
* The Structure of Radiative Fast Shocks	p. 280
* Narrow Line Regions in Active Galaxies	p. 282
* The Oxygen-Rich Supernova Remnants	p. 285
Exercises	p. 287
Interstellar Dust	p. 289
Stardust Formation	p. 290
* Grain Condensation in Oxygen-Rich Atmospheres	p. 292
* Grain Condensation in Carbon-Rich Atmospheres	p. 294
The Optical Properties of Dust	p. 295
Extinction Definitions	p. 296
Optical Efficiency Factors	p. 300
Polarization by Dust	p. 302
Radiation Pressure Effects	p. 303
Grain Photoheating	p. 306
Quantum Heating	p. 307
* Grain Charging	p. 308
The Life Cycle of Grains	p. 310
* Thermal Sputtering	p. 311
* Grain-Grain Collisions	p. 312
Spectral Signatures of Grain Materials	p. 314
* Constraints from the Spectral Energy Distribution	p. 315
* Silicates	p. 315
* Icy Grain Mantles	p. 316
* Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)	p. 318
*The Survival of PAHs in the ISM	p. 319
* The Diffuse Interstellar Bands (DIBs)	p. 321
Exercises	p. 322
Introduction to Astrochemistry	p. 325
Molecular Formation and Destruction	p. 325
Neutral Gas-Phase Reactions	p. 325
Ion-Molecule Chemistry	p. 326
Dust-Grain Moderated Chemistry	p. 327
Molecular Destruction Processes	p. 329
Chemistry of Particular Regions	p. 331
Cold Molecular Clouds	p. 331
* Photodissociation Regions	p. 333
* Shock Chemistry	p. 337
Hot Molecular Cores	p. 339
Exercises	p. 340
Thermal Phases of Diffuse Matter	p. 343
Phase Stability	p. 345
Thermal Phases of Galactic Interstellar Gas	p. 347
Giant Molecular Clouds	p. 347
* The Atomic ISM	p. 349
Theoretical Phase Structure of the Atomic ISM	p. 351
Warm Ionized Phases	p. 352
The Hot Ionized Component	p. 354
Feedback and Mass Exchange	p. 355
Shells, Supershells, and Interstellar Froth	p. 355
* Self-Propagating Star Formation	p. 358
Self-Regulated Star Formation	p. 360
Mass Exchange	p. 362
* Dust Evolution in a Multiphase Medium	p. 364
Back to the Beginning: The Epoch of Galaxy Formation	p. 366
Star-Formation Rates in the Early Universe	p. 367
High-Redshift Radio Galaxies	p. 370
The Reionization Epoch	p. 373
Physical Constants	p. 377
Useful Atomic Data	p. 379
Hydrogenic Spectra	p. 379
The Hydrogen Spectrum	p. 379
The Helium II Spectrum	p. 385
Abundances	p. 391
Collisional Excitation Data	p. 391
Ionization Potentials	p. 395
Continuum Data	p. 397
Free-Free Emission	p. 397
Total Free-Free Emission	p. 398
Two-Photon Emission	p. 398
Rotational Wave function Symmetry	p. 401
Answers to Selected Exercises	p. 405
Bibliography	p. 411
Index	p. 425
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Astrophysics of the Diffuse Universe

At a Glance

Hardcover

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