| Preface | p. xiii |
| Introduction | |
| A Bit of History | p. 1 |
| Approach to Subject | p. 4 |
| Outline of Book | p. 4 |
| Preliminaries: Definitions and Paraxial Optics | p. 7 |
| Sign Conventions | p. 8 |
| Paraxial Equation for Refraction | p. 9 |
| Paraxial Equation for Reflection | p. 12 |
| Two-Surface Refracting Elements | p. 14 |
| Two-Mirror Telescopes | p. 17 |
| Stops and Pupils | p. 22 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 25 |
| Bibliography | p. 26 |
| Fermat's Principle: An Introduction | p. 27 |
| Fermat's Principle in General | p. 28 |
| Fermat's Principle and Refracting Surfaces | p. 31 |
| Wave Interpretation of Fermat's Principle | p. 36 |
| Fermat's Principle and Reflecting Surfaces | p. 37 |
| Conic Sections | p. 41 |
| Fermat's Principle and the Atmosphere | p. 42 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 45 |
| References | p. 47 |
| Bibliography | p. 47 |
| Introduction to Aberrations | p. 48 |
| Reflecting Conics and Focal Length | p. 49 |
| Spherical Aberration | p. 50 |
| Reflecting Conics and Finite Object Distance | p. 57 |
| Off-Axis Aberrations | p. 59 |
| Aberration Compensation | p. 61 |
| References | p. 69 |
| Bibliography | p. 69 |
| Fermat's Principle and Aberrations | p. 70 |
| Application to Surface of Revolution | p. 70 |
| Evaluation of Aberration Coefficients | p. 75 |
| Ray and Wavefront Aberrations | p. 78 |
| Summary of Aberrative Results, Stop at Surface | p. 84 |
| Aberrations for Displaced Stop | p. 88 |
| Aberrations for Multisurface Systems | p. 93 |
| Curvature of Field | p. 97 |
| Aberrations for Decentered Pupil | p. 103 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 109 |
| Comparison with Seidel Theory | p. 110 |
| References | p. 111 |
| Bibliography | p. 111 |
| Reflecting Telescopes | p. 112 |
| Paraboloid | p. 113 |
| Two-Mirror Telescopes | p. 115 |
| Alignment Errors in Two-Mirror Telescopes | p. 132 |
| Three-Mirror Telescopes | p. 144 |
| Four-Mirror Telescopes | p. 154 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 161 |
| References | p. 162 |
| Bibliography | p. 162 |
| Schmidt Telescopes and Cameras | p. 164 |
| General Schmidt Configuration | p. 165 |
| Characteristics of Aspheric Plate | p. 167 |
| Schmidt Telescope Example | p. 174 |
| Achromatic Schmidt Telescope | p. 177 |
| Solid- and Semisolid-Schmidt Cameras | p. 181 |
| References | p. 184 |
| Bibliography | p. 184 |
| Catadioptric Telescopes and Cameras | p. 185 |
| Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescopes | p. 185 |
| Cameras with Meniscus Correctors | p. 197 |
| All-Reflecting Wide-Field Systems | p. 204 |
| References | p. 205 |
| Auxiliary Optics for Telescopes | p. 206 |
| Field Lenses, Flatteners | p. 207 |
| Prime Focus Correctors | p. 210 |
| Cassegrain Focus Correctors | p. 216 |
| Cassegrain Focal Reducers | p. 220 |
| Atmospheric Dispersion Correctors | p. 225 |
| Fiber Optics | p. 237 |
| References | p. 239 |
| Bibliography | p. 239 |
| Diffraction Theory and Aberrations | p. 240 |
| Huygens-Fresnel Principle | p. 241 |
| Perfect Image: Circular Aperture | p. 246 |
| The Near Perfect Image | p. 257 |
| Comparison: Geometric Aberrations and the Diffraction Limit | p. 270 |
| Diffraction Integrals and Fourier Theory | p. 271 |
| References | p. 275 |
| Bibliography | p. 275 |
| Transfer Functions; Hubble Space Telescope | p. 277 |
| Transfer Functions and Image Characteristics | p. 277 |
| Hubble Space Telescope, Prelaunch Expectations | p. 291 |
| Hubble Space Telescope, Postlaunch Reality | p. 298 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 302 |
| References | p. 303 |
| Bibliography | p. 303 |
| Spectrometry: Definitions and Basic Principles | p. 304 |
| Introduction and Definitions | p. 305 |
| Slit Spectrometers | p. 308 |
| Fiber-Fed Spectrometers | p. 317 |
| Slitless Spectrometers | p. 318 |
| Spectrometers in Diffraction Limit | p. 318 |
| References | p. 320 |
| Bibliography | p. 320 |
| Dispersing Elements and Systems | p. 321 |
| Dispersing Prism | p. 321 |
| Diffraction Grating; Basic Relations | p. 323 |
| Echelles | p. 327 |
| Grating Efficiency | p. 331 |
| Fabry-Perot Interferometer | p. 342 |
| Fourier Transform Spectrometer | p. 347 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 350 |
| References | p. 350 |
| Bibliography | p. 350 |
| Grating Aberrations; Concave Grating Spectrometers | p. 352 |
| Application of Fermat's Principle to Grating Surface | p. 353 |
| Grating Aberrations | p. 357 |
| Concave Grating Mountings | p. 362 |
| References | p. 367 |
| Bibliography | p. 367 |
| Plane Grating Spectrometers | p. 368 |
| All-Reflecting Spectrometers | p. 369 |
| Pixel Matching | p. 377 |
| Fast Spectrometers | p. 378 |
| Fiber-Fed Spectrometers | p. 383 |
| Echelle Spectrometers | p. 384 |
| Nonobjective Slitless Spectrometers | p. 396 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 407 |
| References | p. 407 |
| Bibliography | p. 407 |
| Adaptive Optics: An Introduction | p. 409 |
| Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence | p. 410 |
| Correction of Wavefront Distortion | p. 415 |
| Adaptive Optics: Systems and Components | p. 421 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 423 |
| References | p. 424 |
| Bibliography | p. 424 |
| Detectors, Signal-to-Noise, and Detection Limits | p. 425 |
| Detector Characteristics | p. 426 |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 433 |
| Detection Limits and Signal-to-Noise Ratio | p. 435 |
| Detection Limits: Stellar Photometry | p. 438 |
| Detection Limits: Spectroscopy | p. 440 |
| References | p. 443 |
| Bibliography | p. 443 |
| Large Mirrors and Telescope Arrays | p. 444 |
| Large Mirrors | p. 444 |
| Telescope Arrays; Interferometers | p. 451 |
| References | p. 457 |
| Bibliography | p. 457 |
| Table of Symbols | p. 459 |
| Index | p. 467 |
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