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| Preface | p. xv |
| Systems Philosophy, Systems Science | p. 1 |
| The Need for, and Value of, Systems | p. 3 |
| The Book as a System | p. 3 |
| Origins of Systems Science | p. 3 |
| A Mechanistic World | p. 3 |
| Perceived Limitations in the Traditional Sciences | p. 4 |
| Life and the Second Law | p. 5 |
| Information and Entropy | p. 5 |
| Causality and Teleology | p. 6 |
| Concept of Open Systems | p. 6 |
| General Systems Theory | p. 6 |
| Identifying and Defining a System | p. 8 |
| Basic System Models | p. 8 |
| Fundamental System Constructs | p. 23 |
| Definitions and Justification | p. 25 |
| Systems Principles | p. 26 |
| Classifying Systems | p. 27 |
| Classifying Systems by Complexity | p. 29 |
| Classifying Systems by Morphology | p. 29 |
| Classifying Systems by Behavior | p. 38 |
| Summary | p. 41 |
| Assignments | p. 42 |
| Measure for Measure | p. 45 |
| Measuring Value | p. 45 |
| Measuring Properties, Capabilities, and Behaviors | p. 49 |
| Trade-offs | p. 49 |
| Limitations | p. 50 |
| Entropy | p. 53 |
| System Efficiency | p. 54 |
| System Effectiveness | p. 56 |
| Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Entropy | p. 56 |
| Genetic Algorithmic Methods of Adjustment | p. 57 |
| Optimizing Measures | p. 58 |
| Value for Money, and Cost Effectiveness | p. 58 |
| Cost Exchange Ratios | p. 59 |
| Casualty Exchange Ratios | p. 60 |
| Summary | p. 60 |
| Assignment | p. 60 |
| The Human Element | p. 64 |
| Categorization | p. 64 |
| Motivation, Instinct, and Inheritance | p. 65 |
| Intelligence and Behavior | p. 66 |
| Belief Systems | p. 68 |
| Resistance to Change | p. 70 |
| Decision Making | p. 71 |
| Perceived Entropy Reduction | p. 73 |
| Summary | p. 73 |
| Assignment | p. 73 |
| Systems Engineering Philosophy | p. 75 |
| Holism and Emergence | p. 75 |
| Problem Solving | p. 78 |
| Perceptions of Connectedness | p. 79 |
| Systems of Systems | p. 80 |
| Bottom-up Integration | p. 81 |
| Systems of Systems: Volume Supply | p. 83 |
| Systems of Systems in Defense | p. 84 |
| Systems Engineering Philosophy in Methods | p. 88 |
| Summary | p. 89 |
| Assignment | p. 89 |
| A Theory of Complexity | p. 91 |
| Characterizing Complexity | p. 91 |
| Elaboration | p. 93 |
| Encapsulation | p. 95 |
| Variety | p. 97 |
| Minimum Variety | p. 97 |
| Useful Variety | p. 98 |
| Limited Variety | p. 99 |
| Generation of Variety | p. 100 |
| Energy as a Source of Variety | p. 101 |
| Open Systems Interactions | p. 101 |
| Summary | p. 104 |
| Assignments | p. 104 |
| Systems Life Cycle Theory | p. 107 |
| Introduction | p. 107 |
| The Seven Principles of Open Systems | p. 107 |
| The Principle of System Reactions | p. 107 |
| The Principle of System Cohesion | p. 108 |
| The Principle of System Adaptation | p. 109 |
| The Principle of Connected Variety | p. 109 |
| The Principle of Limited Variety | p. 111 |
| The Principle of Preferred Patterns | p. 111 |
| The Principle of Cyclic Progression | p. 112 |
| Synthesizing the System Life Cycle | p. 112 |
| Applying Life Cycle Theory | p. 115 |
| Economic Systems | p. 115 |
| Political Systems | p. 116 |
| Business Systems | p. 117 |
| Organizational Systems | p. 117 |
| Changing System Behavior | p. 118 |
| Predicting System Behavior | p. 118 |
| Systems Engineering | p. 119 |
| Summary | p. 120 |
| Assignments | p. 120 |
| The Social Genotype | p. 123 |
| Introduction | p. 123 |
| Change and the Social Genotype | p. 124 |
| Quantifying the Social Genotype | p. 125 |
| Change by "Budding Off" | p. 127 |
| Progressive Conversion | p. 127 |
| Continuous Revolution | p. 128 |
| The Military and the Social Genotype | p. 129 |
| Systems Engineering and the Social Genotype | p. 129 |
| Summary | p. 130 |
| Assignment | p. 130 |
| Systems Thinking | p. 131 |
| Tools and Methods for Systems Thinking | p. 133 |
| About Systems Thinking | p. 133 |
| Facing Up to Our Real, Nonlinear, Dynamic World | p. 133 |
| Chaotic Perspectives | p. 135 |
| Minimalist Behavioral Systems Thinking | p. 136 |
| Causal Loop Modeling | p. 137 |
| Promoting Completeness with CLMs | p. 140 |
| Patterns in CLMs | p. 142 |
| N[superscript 2] Charts | p. 143 |
| The Hand-Drawn Tool | p. 143 |
| Encapsulation and Elaboration | p. 146 |
| Dynamic N[superscript 2] Charts | p. 147 |
| Automating the N[superscript 2] Chart | p. 147 |
| Interpretive Structural Modeling | p. 148 |
| R-Nets | p. 151 |
| Behavior Diagramming | p. 153 |
| Soft Methods | p. 155 |
| Soft Systems Thinking | p. 155 |
| The Soft Systems Methodology | p. 156 |
| The Rigorous Soft Method | p. 157 |
| The TRIAD Building System | p. 161 |
| The Generic Reference Model | p. 163 |
| Characterizing a System | p. 163 |
| Being | p. 165 |
| Doing | p. 165 |
| Thinking | p. 169 |
| Synthesizing the Whole GRM from the Parts | p. 171 |
| Using the Generic Reference Model | p. 173 |
| Nonlinear Dynamic System Synthesis | p. 175 |
| Summary | p. 179 |
| Assignments | p. 179 |
| System Thinking at Work: Case Studies | p. 181 |
| The Doctors' Surgery | p. 182 |
| Hospital Waiting Time | p. 185 |
| Societal Power | p. 187 |
| National Energy Strategy | p. 190 |
| The Symptoms | p. 192 |
| Bringing the Imbalanced Implicit Systems Together | p. 196 |
| Assessment | p. 198 |
| Options for Addressing the Issue | p. 200 |
| Conclusion to RSM Issue Development | p. 203 |
| The Railway Dilemma | p. 203 |
| Stakeholder Analysis | p. 203 |
| The Railway | p. 204 |
| Computing Integrity | p. 205 |
| Crime Management | p. 209 |
| Crime and Punishment | p. 209 |
| Proactive Policing | p. 211 |
| Police Test Bed | p. 215 |
| A Different Approach to Policing | p. 217 |
| Defense Acquisition | p. 219 |
| Cold War Inheritance | p. 219 |
| A Changing World | p. 220 |
| U.K. Defense Procurement | p. 222 |
| COTS Procurement Behavior Diagram | p. 226 |
| Building Pyramids | p. 227 |
| Architectonics: The Study of Architecture | p. 230 |
| Systems Engineering: The Costs of Rework | p. 236 |
| Summary | p. 239 |
| Assignments | p. 239 |
| Systems Engineering | p. 243 |
| System Concept and Design | p. 245 |
| System Solutions | p. 245 |
| Creating Solution Concepts | p. 246 |
| Developing Concepts: The TRIAD Building System | p. 248 |
| Developing System Concepts: The Seven-Step Continuum | p. 254 |
| The Far Side: Case Study | p. 257 |
| System Design | p. 265 |
| Design for Operation | p. 268 |
| Scenario-driven Design | p. 268 |
| CONOPS | p. 268 |
| Industrial Design Paradigms | p. 270 |
| Design for Availability | p. 272 |
| Design for Maintenance | p. 274 |
| Designing Open, Interactive Systems | p. 276 |
| Design Capability Ratcheting | p. 279 |
| Operational Design Approach | p. 280 |
| Evaluating and Optimizing Military Capability | p. 282 |
| Advanced Design Methods | p. 297 |
| Famine Relief | p. 297 |
| Afghanistan | p. 301 |
| Summary | p. 307 |
| Assignments | p. 307 |
| Classification of Systems Engineering | p. 309 |
| Defining Systems Engineering | p. 309 |
| Extending System Useful Life | p. 310 |
| Characterizing Systems Engineering | p. 311 |
| The Five-Layer System Structure | p. 312 |
| Artifact Systems Engineering | p. 314 |
| Project Systems Engineering | p. 315 |
| The Classic Systems Engineering Procedure | p. 315 |
| Process-Oriented Systems Engineering | p. 317 |
| Goal-Oriented Systems Engineering | p. 321 |
| Unprecedented Systems Engineering | p. 323 |
| Business Systems Engineering | p. 323 |
| Evolutionary Systems Engineering | p. 325 |
| Industry Systems Engineering | p. 326 |
| Mass Production | p. 326 |
| Lean Volume Supply Systems Engineering | p. 328 |
| Comparing Mass Production and Lean Volume Supply | p. 330 |
| Nesting at Levels 2, 3, and 4 | p. 333 |
| Socioeconomic Systems Engineering | p. 334 |
| Science-based Systems Engineering | p. 336 |
| Summary | p. 339 |
| Assignments | p. 340 |
| From Systems Thinking to Systems in Operation | p. 343 |
| Systems Thinking: About Systems Engineering | p. 343 |
| Beyond Technology | p. 343 |
| Always Two Systems: Creating and Created | p. 344 |
| Identifying the Stream | p. 347 |
| The Source | p. 347 |
| Partitioning the Stream | p. 349 |
| Confluence | p. 351 |
| The End-to-End Life Cycle Process | p. 354 |
| Outline Level 2/3: Conceptual Process | p. 354 |
| The Systems Engineering Shadow-board | p. 356 |
| System-level Elaboration and Specification | p. 357 |
| Integration, Test, and Proving | p. 358 |
| Focusing Developing Emergent Properties | p. 359 |
| Systems Engineering Goals and Objectives | p. 360 |
| Developing Structural Support | p. 363 |
| Process Resourcing | p. 363 |
| Understanding the Process as a System | p. 364 |
| Calibrating the Creating System | p. 367 |
| Tailoring the Systems Engineering Process | p. 369 |
| Accommodating Legacy and Change | p. 369 |
| Police Information System | p. 370 |
| The New Interceptor | p. 371 |
| Summary | p. 373 |
| Assignments | p. 374 |
| Operational Systems Engineering | p. 375 |
| Operational Systems Engineering: Levels 2-4 | p. 375 |
| Operational Systems Engineering at Level 2 | p. 375 |
| Operational Maintenance Systems | p. 378 |
| Operational Systems Engineering at Level 3 | p. 380 |
| Operational Systems Engineering at Level 4 | p. 382 |
| Underground Railways | p. 384 |
| Heijunka | p. 386 |
| Market Systems Engineering | p. 388 |
| Socioeconomic Systems Engineering: Level 5 | p. 390 |
| Social Capital | p. 392 |
| Historical Systems Engineering at Level 5 | p. 393 |
| Summary | p. 395 |
| Assignments | p. 395 |
| Systems Management and Organization | p. 397 |
| Managing Systems | p. 399 |
| Managing Systems Concepts | p. 399 |
| The Need for Management | p. 399 |
| Management by Control | p. 401 |
| The "Control Freak" | p. 402 |
| Management by Incentive | p. 403 |
| Management by Competition | p. 405 |
| Organized Management Systems | p. 406 |
| Organized Creating Systems | p. 406 |
| Tensions within Organizations | p. 407 |
| Organized Military C[superscript 2] | p. 410 |
| Government C[superscript 2] | p. 411 |
| Systems Organization at Industry Level 4 | p. 412 |
| Creating the Culture | p. 413 |
| Project Management Versus Systems Engineering | p. 414 |
| To Phase or not to Phase | p. 416 |
| Stages and Phases | p. 416 |
| Phased Defense Procurement | p. 417 |
| Elicitation and Requirements | p. 418 |
| Managing Customer Control | p. 420 |
| Specification Trees | p. 421 |
| Looking the Gift-Requirement in the Teeth | p. 422 |
| Project Versus Functional Versus Matrix Organization | p. 423 |
| Organizational Paradigms | p. 423 |
| Dynamics of Organizational Change | p. 425 |
| Maintaining the Edge | p. 426 |
| Summary | p. 427 |
| Assignments | p. 427 |
| Societal Systems Evolution | p. 431 |
| Outcome as the Measure of Systems | p. 431 |
| Social Engineering | p. 432 |
| The Outlook | p. 437 |
| Increasing Population | p. 437 |
| Spreading Concrete | p. 438 |
| Atmospheric Pollution | p. 439 |
| Fresh Water Shortages | p. 439 |
| Energy Shortages | p. 440 |
| System Thinking: Societal Evolution | p. 440 |
| Mountain Retreats | p. 441 |
| Island Communities | p. 442 |
| Littoral Enclaves | p. 443 |
| Submersible Cities | p. 445 |
| Pursuing the Goal | p. 447 |
| Summary | p. 448 |
| Assignments | p. 448 |
| Configuration Entropy as a Useful Measure of Systems | p. 449 |
| Measuring N[superscript 2] Charts | p. 449 |
| Scoring N[superscript 2] Charts | p. 450 |
| Minimizing N[superscript 2] Chart Entropy | p. 450 |
| Practical Example of Entropy Measurement and Reduction | p. 452 |
| Measuring Process Entropy | p. 453 |
| Summary | p. 457 |
| Set Theoretic Proof of Method: Rigorous Soft Method | p. 459 |
| Diagrammatic Representation | p. 459 |
| Set Theory Proof of Rigorous Soft Method | p. 460 |
| About the Author | p. 463 |
| Index | p. 465 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9781580536196
ISBN-10: 1580536190
Series: Artech House Technology Management and Professional Development Library
Published: 30th September 2003
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 469
Audience: General Adult
Publisher: ARTECH HOUSE INC
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 24.41 x 16.99 x 2.69
Weight (kg): 0.78
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