Artech House Optoelectronics Library

By: Gary Waldman, John Wooton, John R. Wootton

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Hardcover | 1 August 1992

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Hardcover
256 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 1.91

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This book demonstrates how to model the entire target acquisition process using either visible or infrared imaging systems. Beginning with an overview on electro-optical system design, the text introduces the complexity of various design considerations. A discussion of the differing types of visible and infrared sensors outlines basic wavelength issues and provides definitions of baseline hardware solutions.

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Non-Fiction Computing & I.T.Computer Science Image Processing Systems Analysis & Design Engineering & Technology Other Technologies & Applied Sciences Applied Optics Fibre Optics Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction and Overview	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Why the Emphasis on Electro-Optical System Engineering?	p. 2
Understanding the True Requirements	p. 4
Understanding the Implied Variables	p. 7
Modeling Philosophy	p. 10
Spatial versus Frequency Domain Analysis	p. 12
Parametric Analysis Modeling versus Synthetic Video Representation	p. 13
Overview of the Book	p. 14
References	p. 14
Qualitative Discussion of Sensors	p. 15
Wavelength Issues	p. 15
Why the Choice of Various Spectral Bands?	p. 18
Resolution	p. 21
TV Sensors	p. 22
Telescopic Sight	p. 25
IR Sensing Systems	p. 27
Basic FLIR Descriptions	p. 28
Serial Scanned, Standard Video Devices	p. 31
Parallel Scanned, Parallel Video System	p. 33
Parallel Scanned, Standard Video Devices	p. 35
Staring Arrays	p. 35
Current Tactical Imaging Systems	p. 36
FLIR Components	p. 37
Cryogenics	p. 37
Detectors	p. 39
Advances in Detectors and Applications	p. 44
A Look into the Future	p. 45
Reference	p. 45
Sources and Transfer of Radiation	p. 47
Radiometric and Photometric Quantities	p. 47
Physical Laws of Radiometry	p. 48
Planck's Law	p. 48
Wien's Displacement Law	p. 49
Stefan-Boltzmann Law	p. 49
Kirchhoff's Law	p. 50
Lambert's Law	p. 51
Calculation Aids and Data Sources	p. 53
The Geometry of Radiative Transfer	p. 54
Sources in Nature	p. 56
Targets and Backgrounds	p. 65
Blackbodies, Graybodies, and Reality	p. 65
Targets	p. 66
Backgrounds	p. 67
Terrain Backgrounds	p. 67
Marine Backgrounds	p. 69
Sky Backgrounds	p. 70
Uniform and Nonuniform Scenes	p. 71
Faceted Targets	p. 72
Background Statistics	p. 74
Clutter	p. 76
References	p. 78
Atmospherics	p. 81
Basic Processes	p. 81
Extinction	p. 81
Scattering	p. 83
Absorption	p. 86
Emission	p. 86
Turbulence	p. 88
Computational Methods	p. 88
A Simple Visible Algorithm	p. 88
Contrast	p. 88
Visibility	p. 92
Uvtran	p. 93
Empirical Method for IR Extinction	p. 93
Empirical IR Absorption	p. 95
Empirical IR Scattering	p. 97
Example of Empirical Method	p. 98
Lowtran	p. 99
Prediction Charts	p. 100
Laser Wavelengths	p. 101
Hitran and Fascode	p. 102
Eosael	p. 102
Precipitation	p. 102
Rain	p. 102
Snow	p. 104
Turbulence	p. 105
Overview of Atmospheric Modeling	p. 106
References	p. 108
System Modeling	p. 109
Overview	p. 109
Linear Systems	p. 110
Dirac Delta Functions	p. 113
Fourier Transform	p. 118
Extensions to TV and FLIR Analysis	p. 120
Frequently Used Functions and Useful Fourier Transform Pairs	p. 122
Optics	p. 123
Perfect Imaging Systems	p. 124
Magnification	p. 124
Effective Focal Length	p. 125
Principal Planes	p. 126
Ray Tracing	p. 127
Stops and Pupils	p. 129
Conjugate Relations	p. 131
Field of View	p. 132
Vignetting	p. 133
Image Radiometry	p. 133
Diffraction	p. 136
Aberrations	p. 137
Optical Transfer Function	p. 137
Diffraction-Limited Imaging	p. 138
Imaging with Aberrations	p. 139
Afocal or Telescopic Systems	p. 141
Electronics	p. 143
FLIR Scanners	p. 144
Type of Scanners	p. 145
Scanning Techniques	p. 145
Scan Patterns	p. 145
Scanning Parameters and Signal-to-Noise Ratio	p. 147
Dead Time Relationships	p. 148
Variable Scan Velocity	p. 148
Overlap (or Overscan) Relationships	p. 148
Shading Effects	p. 149
Summary of Scanning Mechanisms and Techniques	p. 150
Detectors	p. 150
Optical Detectors	p. 151
IR Detectors	p. 154
Common Detector Arrangements	p. 157
MTF of a Sensor Using the SPRITE Detector	p. 157
Signal Processing	p. 158
ac Coupling	p. 159
dc Restoration	p. 161
Time Delay and Integration	p. 161
Electronics MTF	p. 162
High-Pass Filter	p. 162
Low-Pass Filter	p. 162
All-Pass Lead	p. 164
Boosting Circuits	p. 164
Displays	p. 164
LED	p. 165
CRT	p. 166
Transfer Characteristics	p. 166
Image Size	p. 169
Resolution	p. 170
System Magnification	p. 172
Summary Performance Measures	p. 173
MTF	p. 173
TV-Limiting Resolution	p. 174
Noise-Equivalent Temperature Difference	p. 175
Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference	p. 176
Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference	p. 179
References	p. 180
The Human Observer	p. 181
Basics of Vision	p. 182
Anatomy of the Eye	p. 182
Foveal Vision	p. 183
Acquisition of Targets	p. 186
Contrast Threshold	p. 188
Johnson's Criteria	p. 190
Display Signal-to-Noise Ratio	p. 192
Search	p. 194
Motion	p. 194
Acquisition Models	p. 195
Probability of Acquisition	p. 195
Early Models	p. 197
MARSAM	p. 197
SRI LLLTV Model	p. 200
Bailey-Rand Model	p. 200
C2NVEO Models	p. 202
Spatial Domain Empirical Model	p. 203
References	p. 204
End-to-End Models	p. 207
Introduction and Overview	p. 207
Models to 1975	p. 208
SRI LLLTV Model	p. 208
MARSAM FLIR Model	p. 211
Bailey-Rand Model	p. 213
The GAVID Model	p. 216
Night Vision Lab Suite	p. 218
NVL Static Performance (Ratches) Model	p. 218
Image Intensifier Performance Model	p. 220
FLIR90	p. 222
Other Contemporary Models	p. 223
VOM	p. 223
TTIM	p. 225
The PHIND Model	p. 227
VISDET and IRDET	p. 230
VISDET	p. 231
IRDET	p. 233
Conclusion	p. 235
References	p. 235
Index	p. 237
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Artech House Optoelectronics Library

At a Glance

Hardcover

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