| Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
| Introduction | p. xv |
| Fixed-Link Systems | p. 1 |
| Radio Refractive Index | p. 3 |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| Background to Microwave Radio Links | p. 3 |
| Sea Level Value of RRI and Its Variation With Height | p. 7 |
| The Measurement of RRI | p. 8 |
| Radiosondes | p. 8 |
| Refractometers | p. 8 |
| RRI Profiles | p. 10 |
| Deviations From the Normal Lapse Rate | p. 11 |
| Subrefraction | p. 11 |
| Superrefraction | p. 13 |
| The Common Causes of the Lapse-Rate Deviations | p. 13 |
| Summary | p. 15 |
| References | p. 16 |
| Fading on Microwave Systems | p. 17 |
| Introduction | p. 17 |
| The Mechanics of Fading | p. 17 |
| Multipath Fading | p. 19 |
| Mean-Depression Fading | p. 22 |
| The Effect of Fading on System Performance | p. 25 |
| Analog Systems | p. 25 |
| Digital Systems | p. 25 |
| The Effect of Fading on Antenna Performance | p. 29 |
| Summary | p. 32 |
| References | p. 33 |
| The Use of Diversity to Reduce System Performance Degradation | p. 35 |
| Introduction | p. 35 |
| Frequency Diversity | p. 36 |
| Space Diversity | p. 36 |
| The Effect of Space Diversity on the Severity Of Narrowband Fading | p. 40 |
| Angle Diversity | p. 43 |
| Relative Merits of the Three Types of Diversity | p. 44 |
| Summary | p. 44 |
| References | p. 45 |
| Propagation-Induced Interference | p. 47 |
| Introduction | p. 47 |
| Adjacent Channel Interference | p. 48 |
| Cochannel Interference | p. 49 |
| Bad Route Planning | p. 49 |
| Failure to Account for Other Routes in the Same Country | p. 49 |
| Failure to Carry out International Coordination Procedures | p. 49 |
| Degradation of XPD in a Cofrequency, Cross-polar Frequency Plan | p. 51 |
| Nodal-Point Interference | p. 51 |
| Summary | p. 52 |
| References | p. 53 |
| Rain Attenuation and Molecular Absorption | p. 55 |
| Introduction | p. 55 |
| Polarization and Frequency Sensitivity of Rain Attenuation | p. 56 |
| Sources of Rain-Rate Data | p. 56 |
| Using Rain-Rate Data to Calculate Path Attenuation | p. 57 |
| The Prediction of Rain Attenuation | p. 59 |
| The United Kingdom Model | p. 59 |
| The CCIR Model | p. 60 |
| Comparative Calculation | p. 62 |
| Polarization Scaling | p. 63 |
| Path Diversity | p. 64 |
| Molecular Absorption | p. 64 |
| Summary | p. 66 |
| References | p. 67 |
| System Outage Modeling | p. 69 |
| Introduction | p. 69 |
| CCIR Performance Objectives for Analog Systems | p. 69 |
| Multipath Prediction Models | p. 73 |
| The United Kingdom Model | p. 73 |
| CCIR Prediction Models | p. 74 |
| CCIR Performance Objectives for Digital Systems | p. 78 |
| Availability Objectives | p. 79 |
| System Signatures | p. 79 |
| Performance Prediction Models for Digital Systems | p. 83 |
| Net-Fade Margin | p. 83 |
| Inband Amplitude Dispersion | p. 84 |
| Signature-based Models | p. 84 |
| Summary | p. 87 |
| References | p. 88 |
| System Planning | p. 89 |
| Introduction | p. 89 |
| Basic Transmission Information | p. 90 |
| Free-Space Transmission Loss | p. 90 |
| Link Budget | p. 91 |
| Diffraction Fading and Fresnel-Zone Clearance | p. 91 |
| Ray Curvature as a Function of RRI Lapse Rate | p. 92 |
| General Planning Concepts | p. 95 |
| Multihop Links | p. 95 |
| A Planning Exercise | p. 97 |
| The Problem of Water Along the Route | p. 104 |
| Summary | p. 106 |
| References | p. 107 |
| Mobile Systems | p. 111 |
| Basic Mobile Propagation Topics | p. 111 |
| Introduction | p. 111 |
| The Different Types of Mobile Services | p. 112 |
| Wide-Area Radio-Paging | p. 112 |
| Display Paging | p. 112 |
| Cordless Telephone (CT1) | p. 113 |
| Cordless Telephone (CT2) | p. 113 |
| Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT) | p. 113 |
| Telepoint | p. 114 |
| Private Mobile Radio (PMR) | p. 114 |
| Basic (Noncellular) Car-Phone System | p. 114 |
| Analog Cellular | p. 114 |
| Digital Cellular | p. 115 |
| A General Discussion | p. 115 |
| Basic Propagation | p. 117 |
| VHF Propagation | p. 117 |
| UHF Propagation | p. 119 |
| EHF Propagation | p. 120 |
| Antenna Effects | p. 120 |
| Antenna Height | p. 120 |
| Antenna Beam Shaping | p. 121 |
| Radio Noise | p. 121 |
| Summary | p. 121 |
| References | p. 122 |
| Prediction Methods, Models, and Measurements for Mobile Systems in Rural, Suburban, and Urban Locations | p. 123 |
| Introduction | p. 123 |
| Path-Loss Predictions at VHF and UHF | p. 124 |
| Rural Areas | p. 124 |
| Urban and Suburban Areas | p. 127 |
| Path-Loss Predictions at the Lower Microwave Frequencies | p. 127 |
| Rural Areas | p. 127 |
| Urban and Suburban Areas | p. 128 |
| Limits of Application | p. 132 |
| Practical Measurements of Path Loss | p. 134 |
| Delay Measurements | p. 135 |
| Practical Measurement Techniques | p. 135 |
| Results Presentation | p. 138 |
| Summary | p. 140 |
| References | p. 141 |
| Propagation Aspects of Cellular Radio Systems | p. 143 |
| Introduction | p. 143 |
| The Evolution of Cellular Radio Systems | p. 144 |
| A Basic Description of Analog Cellular Radio | p. 145 |
| Cell and Cluster Sizes | p. 145 |
| Logging On | p. 146 |
| Handover | p. 146 |
| Further Aspects | p. 147 |
| Digital Cellular Systems | p. 147 |
| Digital System Objectives | p. 147 |
| Digital Speech | p. 148 |
| Data Transmission | p. 149 |
| Equalization | p. 149 |
| Power Control | p. 149 |
| Discontinuous Transmission | p. 150 |
| Handover | p. 150 |
| Carrier-to-Interference Ratio | p. 150 |
| System Capacity Engineering | p. 150 |
| Cost 231 Definitions of Cell Types | p. 152 |
| Miscellaneous Topics | p. 153 |
| Modeling of the Transmission Path | p. 153 |
| Doppler Shift | p. 154 |
| Fading Rates | p. 154 |
| Diffraction Effects Over and Around Buildings | p. 154 |
| Diversity Improvement | p. 155 |
| Multipath Delay | p. 156 |
| Summary | p. 156 |
| References | p. 158 |
| Communication Into and Within Buildings | p. 159 |
| Introduction | p. 159 |
| Background | p. 160 |
| Building Penetration Loss | p. 161 |
| Measurements | p. 161 |
| Height Gain | p. 162 |
| Measurement Techniques | p. 163 |
| Inbuilding Losses | p. 163 |
| Measurements | p. 163 |
| Path-Loss Models | p. 163 |
| Measurement Results | p. 165 |
| Comments on Available Models | p. 166 |
| Anomalous Experimental Results | p. 167 |
| Penetration Loss Versus Frequency | p. 167 |
| Height-Gain Factor | p. 168 |
| Wall and Window Penetration Loss | p. 169 |
| Summary | p. 170 |
| References | p. 171 |
| Propagation in Fixed and Mobile Systems--A Comparison | p. 173 |
| Introduction | p. 173 |
| Path Loss | p. 174 |
| Fixed Links | p. 174 |
| Mobile Systems | p. 174 |
| Multipath and Mean-Depression Fading | p. 175 |
| Fixed Links | p. 175 |
| Mobile Systems | p. 176 |
| Multipath Delays | p. 177 |
| Fixed Links | p. 177 |
| Mobile Systems | p. 177 |
| Diversity | p. 177 |
| Fixed Links | p. 177 |
| Mobile Systems | p. 178 |
| Frequency Reuse | p. 178 |
| Fixed Links | p. 178 |
| Mobile Systems | p. 179 |
| Summary | p. 179 |
| About the Author | p. 183 |
| Index | p. 185 |
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