Arctic Offshore Engineering

By: Andrew Clennel Palmer, Kenneth R Croasdale

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Hardcover | 8 October 2012

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374 Pages

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22.86 x 15.24 x 2.24

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There is an increasing need to construct engineering structures in the Arctic seas. The requirement is principally generated by the oil and gas industry, because of the substantial reserves that are known to exist offshore in the Beaufort Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Barents Sea, the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Sakhalin, the Canadian Arctic, and almost certainly elsewhere. Structures have to withstand the severe environmental forces generated by sea ice, a subject that is developing rapidly but is still far from completely understood. Underwater pipelines have to be safe against ice gouging and strudel scour, but also have to be constructed safely and economically. The social and human environment has to be understood and respected.This important book intentionally takes a broad view, and vividly accounts for the many and often subtle interactions between the different factors. It is illustrated by case studies of actual projects.

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Technology in General Engineering in General Energy Technology & Engineering Fossil Fuel Technologies Petroleum Technology Other Technologies & Applied Sciences Marine Engineering Offshore Engineering Mechanical Engineering & Materials Materials Science

Mechanics of Fluids Hydraulics & Pneumatics Civil Engineering Structural Engineering Booktopia Publisher Services World Scientific Publishing

Foreword	p. v
Preface	p. vii
The Human Context	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
The Peoples Native to the Arctic	p. 2
Explorers	p. 7
Developers	p. 11
Outsiders	p. 13
The Physical and Biological Environment	p. 17
Climate	p. 17
Permafrost and Land Ice	p. 20
Sea Ice	p. 26
Introduction	p. 26
Oceanographic Context	p. 28
The Structure of Ice	p. 30
Ice Formation	p. 32
Gathering Data about Sea Ice	p. 37
Identifying Needs	p. 37
Planning	p. 38
Methods for Ice Thickness	p. 39
Ice Movement	p. 42
Ice Strength and Related Parameters	p. 42
Biology	p. 48
Ice Mechanics	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Creep	p. 58
Fracture	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics	p. 61
Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics	p. 67
Elasticity	p. 70
Plasticity	p. 72
Broken Ice	p. 75
In-situ Rubble Tests	p. 79
Overview	p. 79
The Direct Shear Test	p. 80
The Punch Shear Test	p. 83
The Pull Up Test	p. 85
Summary of Results of in-situ Tests	p. 88
Translation of Rubble Shear Strength into a Bearing Pressure (or pseudo crushing strength)	p. 91
Confined Compression Test (indentation test) on Ice Rubble	p. 92
Model Ice	p. 94
Ice Forces on Structures in the Sea	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Alternative Design Concepts	p. 104
Ice Forces	p. 108
Ice Forces on Vertical-sided Structures	p. 112
Alternative Modes	p. 112
Creep	p. 113
Buckling	p. 113
Crushing: A Simple but Incorrect Approach	p. 114
Crushing: Evidence from Measurements	p. 115
Crushing: Empirical Representations of the Data	p. 119
Crushing: Theory	p. 121
Sloping-sided Structures	p. 126
Introduction	p. 126
Mechanics of Ice Interaction with Sloping-sided Structures	p. 129
Adfreeze Effects	p. 136
Experimental and Full Scale Data	p. 138
Modifications for very Thick Ice	p. 140
Velocity Effects	p. 144
Local Ice Pressures	p. 146
Ice Encroachment	p. 151
Model Tests	p. 154
Ice-induced Vibrations	p. 158
Ice Load Measurements on Platforms	p. 162
Broken Ice, Pressure Ridges and Ice Rubble	p. 181
Introduction	p. 181
Formation of Ridges	p. 181
Limit- Force Calculations	p. 194
Multi-Year Ridges	p. 199
Introduction	p. 199
Ridge Breaking Analysis	p. 199
Loads due to First-year Ridges	p. 207
Introduction	p. 207
Ridge Interaction with Vertical Structures	p. 209
First-year Ridge Interaction on Upward Sloping Structures	p. 214
First Year Ridge Interaction on Downward Sloping Structures	p. 218
Structures in Shallow Water	p. 225
Effects of Ice Rubble on Ice Loads	p. 225
First-year Ridge Loads in Shallow Water	p. 229
Multi-leg and Multi-hulled Platforms	p. 232
Multi-leg (with Vertical Legs)	p. 232
Multi-leg Structure with Conical Collars on the Legs	p. 235
Multi-caisson Systems and Ice Barriers	p. 235
Limit momentum (limit energy) Ice Loads	p. 239
Principles and Application to a Vertical Structure	p. 239
Sloping Structures	p. 245
Iceberg Impact Loads	p. 247
Ice Forces on Floating Platforms	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
Background to Use of Floaters in Sea Ice	p. 252
Loads on Floaters in Unmanaged Ice	p. 254
Loads on Floaters in Managed Ice	p. 259
Calibration against the Kulluk Data	p. 262
Influencing Parameters	p. 264
Typical Managed Ice Loads	p. 268
Arctic Marine Pipelines and Export Systems	p. 275
Introduction	p. 275
Seabed Ice Gouging	p. 276
Introduction	p. 276
Ice Gouging: The First Model	p. 279
Ice Gouging: Gouge Infill by Seabed Sediment Transport	p. 282
Ice Gouging: Subgouge Deformation	p. 285
Ice Gouging: Alternative Routes to a Choice of Safe Gouge Depth	p. 289
Methods for Minimising Required Trench Depth	p. 290
Strudel Scour	p. 290
Construction	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
Panarctic Drake F-76 Pipeline	p. 298
Northstar Pipeline	p. 303
Oooguruk Pipeline	p. 305
Nikaitchuq Pipeline	p. 306
Transportation by Tanker	p. 306
Environmental Impact	p. 315
Introduction	p. 315
Oil in the Sea	p. 317
Outside the Arctic	p. 317
In the Arctic	p. 320
Gas in the sea	p. 322
Response and Oil cleanup	p. 322
Effects of Structures on the Ice	p. 327
Decommissioning	p. 330
Human Factors and Safety	p. 333
Context	p. 333
Psychological Factors	p. 334
Physical Factors	p. 335
Platform Safety and Evacuation	p. 335
Safety during On-Ice Activities	p. 337
Introduction	p. 337
Safe Loads on an Ice Sheet	p. 340
Platform Reliability and Safety Factors	p. 345
Index of Geographical locations	p. 351
Index	p. 355
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Arctic Offshore Engineering

At a Glance

Hardcover

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