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300 Pages
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This text reviews the theory, concepts, and basic methods involved in archaeological analysis. Its aim is to familiarize both students and professionals with the principles that underlie many kinds of archaeological analysis, to encourage sound laboratory practice, and to demonstrate some of the common theoretical issues that different kinds on analyses all share. Banning opens with a discussion of the nature and presentation of - and the errors in - data and briefly reviews archaeological systematics, database and research design, sampling and quantification, modeling data, and basic artifact handling and conservation. Chapters on lithics, pottery, faunal, botanical, and soil remains follow and chapters on seriation, interpreting dates, and archaeological illustration close out the book.
Intended as a text for students in upper-division-undergraduate and graduate-level courses as well as a manual for professional researchers and cultural resource management practitioners, the book is abundantly illustrated and references and includes a glossary of key terms. Suggested laboratory exercises are available on the author's university webpage:
http: //homes.chass.utoronto.ca/ banning/ARH%20312/312labs.htm
Industry Reviews
"E.B. Banning's Archaeological Survey deserves praise for gathering, in one place, a wealth of information on one of archaeology's fundamentals [...] Having read this book, though, I would not think of designing a sample survey without referring back to it [...] Archaeological Survey is the first volume in a new series, Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Techniques, edited by Charles Orser and Michael Schiffer. If Banning's contribution is any guide, the Manuals will become valued and much-cited additions to archaeologists' bookshelves."
(David A. Phillips Jr. (Journal of Anthropological Research, 59, 2003)
"Although surveys have been important to archaeological research for decades, most authors address the subject in a cursory manner, often as a mere prelude to excavation. Banning (Univ. of Toronto) fills this gap with a comprehensive manual devoted exclusively to archaeological surveys. He begins with a discussion of the history of archaeological surveys and their unique contributions to archaeological research- Subsequent chapters address the goals of surveys; discuss how surveys are used to discover archaeological materials; analyze the importance of sampling; illustrate how surveys help archaeologists discover spatial structure; summarize the role of surveys in cultural resource management; and suggest several approaches to the evaluation of archaeological surveys. A thorough, up-to-date bibliography and a comprehensive index conclude the volume. Although at times the discussion can be difficult reading, the volume is generally well written and capably edited. A few more detailed examples would have helped to flesh out certain concepts, but that is a minor issue. This is the only currently available comprehensive treatment of archaeological surveys. Highly recommended."
(W. Kotter, Weber State University (Choice, July 2003)
"E.B. Banning's Archaeological Survey is a volume I would recommend to any geoscientist who wants, and perhaps even needs, to better understand what an archaeologist means by the word 'site'. The book surveys the methods, technologies, and theoretical approaches that archaeologists use to find, record, and analyze archaeological sites."
(Joe Alan Artz, University of Iowa (Geoarchaeology: An International Journal, 19:7, 2004)
"... it is far more than a mere handbook of archaeological surveying practices. It includes well-developed discussions on the theories behind them and the pros and cons of each method."
"Each aspect of archaeological survey is introduced together with the theory on which it is based, followed by a discussion of applicability and problems likely to be encountered in interpretation of data yielded. The reader will particularly benefit from these discussions, obviously based on the author's considerable personal experience and a broad knowledge ofthe subject, amply reflected in an extensive and highly eclectic bibliography."
"This work should find its place on the shelf of any serious archaeological surveyor, fledgling or seasoned hand especially interested in modern, scientific approaches. It offers the reader a virtual banquet of information that treats the subject in a comprehensive manner with surprising depth for a volume of relatively modest proportions. In addition, it is a good sourcebook with numerous citations and a large bibliography useful for directing additional queries and research. Its theoretical content, and especially the questions it raises concerning basic concepts, will be of interest to any archaeologist."
(Eliot Braun, SAS Bulletin 27 [2004])
| List of Figures | p. xix |
| List of Tables | p. xxi |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| A Brief History of Archaeological Survey | p. 2 |
| Early Archaeological Reconnaissance | p. 2 |
| Fieldwalking in Britain | p. 3 |
| Early Air Reconnaissance | p. 4 |
| Surveys in Northwest Europe | p. 4 |
| The Viru Valley Survey | p. 4 |
| Diyala and Uruk Surveys, Iraq | p. 5 |
| The Basin of Mexico Project | p. 6 |
| Site Survey in the American Southwest | p. 6 |
| Survey in North American Forests | p. 7 |
| "Non-site Survey," and "Landscape Archaeology" | p. 7 |
| Intertidal and Shallow-lake Survey | p. 8 |
| Survey's Unique Contribution to Archaeology | p. 10 |
| Surface Distributions and Buried Landscapes | p. 11 |
| Models of Cultural Distributions | p. 12 |
| The Monument Model | p. 13 |
| The Earthwork Model | p. 13 |
| The Uniform Distribution | p. 14 |
| The Modal, "Bulls-eye," or "Fried-egg" Model | p. 15 |
| Mathematical Models for Clusters of Artifacts | p. 16 |
| Contagious Distributions | p. 17 |
| The Palimpsest Model | p. 18 |
| The "Off-site" or "Intersite" Model | p. 19 |
| The Distributional or "Non-site" Model | p. 20 |
| The Place Model | p. 20 |
| The Paleolandscape Model | p. 22 |
| Research Design in Archaeological Survey | p. 22 |
| The Goals of Archaeological Survey | p. 27 |
| Types of Goals | p. 27 |
| Prospection | p. 28 |
| Statistical Survey | p. 30 |
| Populations, Parameters and Estimation | p. 30 |
| Estimating Densities of Sites | p. 30 |
| Estimating Densities of Artifacts on the Landscape | p. 31 |
| Estimating Proportions of Site Types | p. 31 |
| Estimating Human Population Size or Growth Rate | p. 32 |
| Estimating Proportions of Sites by Ecological or Land-use Zone | p. 32 |
| Estimating Parameters of Artifact Attributes | p. 32 |
| Estimating the Range or Diversity of Archaeological Materials | p. 33 |
| The Relevance of Prospecting Tools | p. 33 |
| Surveying for Spatial Structure | p. 34 |
| Detecting Settlement Lattices, Landscape Systems, and Communication Routes | p. 34 |
| Mapping "Continuous" Distributions | p. 34 |
| Surveys with Multiple Goals | p. 35 |
| The Issue of Methodological Consistency | p. 36 |
| Summary | p. 38 |
| The Discovery of Archaeological Materials by Survey | p. 39 |
| Factors Affecting Archaeological Detection | p. 39 |
| Method of Inspection | p. 40 |
| Visual Inspection in Surface Survey | p. 40 |
| Visual Inspection of Aerial Photographs with Groundchecks | p. 41 |
| Survey by Test Pits, Divoting, Coring, or Augering (SST) | p. 42 |
| Geophysical Survey | p. 44 |
| Resistivity Survey | p. 44 |
| Magnetometer Survey | p. 44 |
| Electromagnetic (EM) Survey | p. 44 |
| Seismic Survey | p. 45 |
| Sonar or Acoustic Survey | p. 45 |
| Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) | p. 45 |
| Chemical Survey | p. 45 |
| Thermal Survey | p. 45 |
| Underwater Survey | p. 45 |
| Visibility | p. 46 |
| Obtrusiveness | p. 48 |
| The Constituents of Archaeological Distributions | p. 49 |
| Obtrusiveness of Artifact Scatters | p. 49 |
| Constituent Removal by Chemical or Mechanical Destruction | p. 54 |
| Obtrusiveness in Aerial Reconnaissance | p. 54 |
| Obtrusiveness in Geophysical Survey | p. 55 |
| Obtrusiveness in Chemical Survey | p. 55 |
| Distance from Target to Sensor | p. 56 |
| The Law of Clean Sweep or Definite Detection | p. 57 |
| Inverse-cube Law | p. 58 |
| Geometry of Sites or Artifact Clusters | p. 59 |
| Intensity or Density of Effort | p. 60 |
| Resolution | p. 62 |
| Coverage | p. 63 |
| Accessibility | p. 63 |
| Crew Training, Experience, and Motivation | p. 65 |
| Training and Briefing Team Members | p. 66 |
| Team Composition | p. 66 |
| Team Motivation | p. 66 |
| Accounting for Variability | p. 67 |
| Data Units | p. 67 |
| False Targets | p. 67 |
| Estimating Discovery Probabilities | p. 68 |
| Post-depositional Factors that Affect Spatial Pattern | p. 72 |
| Artifact Displacement or Sorting by Erosion | p. 73 |
| Artifact Removal by Erosion | p. 73 |
| Artifact Displacement or Removal by Bioturbation | p. 73 |
| Artifact Removal by Chemical or Mechanical Destruction | p. 73 |
| Artifact Displacement by Plowing | p. 73 |
| Summary | p. 74 |
| Units, Sampling Frames, and Edge Effects in Archaeological Survey | p. 75 |
| The Spatial Distribution of Material Culture | p. 75 |
| Boundaries of the Survey Area | p. 76 |
| Physical-Geographical Boundaries | p. 77 |
| Historical-Political Boundaries | p. 78 |
| Estimated Political-Economic Boundaries | p. 78 |
| Catchment Boundaries | p. 78 |
| Oversize Boundaries and Group Territories | p. 79 |
| Edge Effects | p. 80 |
| Edge Effects in Nearest Neighbor Analysis | p. 80 |
| Edge Effects on Rank-Size Analysis | p. 80 |
| Types, Shapes, and Orientation of Units | p. 81 |
| Sites | p. 81 |
| Site Size, Shape, and Orientation | p. 82 |
| Geometrical Spatial Units | p. 83 |
| Edge Effects on the Detection of Sites | p. 83 |
| Edge Effects on Parameter Estimates | p. 85 |
| Cost Effects of Unit Size | p. 86 |
| Non-geometrical Spatial Units | p. 86 |
| Arrangement of Units | p. 88 |
| Regular Grids | p. 88 |
| Arrangement of Point Samples | p. 88 |
| Transects | p. 89 |
| Parallel Transects | p. 89 |
| Intersecting Transects | p. 90 |
| Undulating Transects | p. 91 |
| Retiring-square Pattern | p. 92 |
| Unconventional Arrangements | p. 92 |
| Nested Arrangements | p. 94 |
| Scale Effects in Archaeological Survey | p. 94 |
| Size of Units | p. 95 |
| Optimal Arrangements, Sizes, and Spacing | p. 96 |
| Optimizing the Arrangement of Systematic Point Grids | p. 97 |
| Optimizing the Arrangement of Continuous Parallel Transects | p. 100 |
| Optimizing the Arrangement of Polygons | p. 100 |
| Optimizing the Spacing of Systematic Point Grids | p. 101 |
| Optimal Spacing of Point Grids at a Fixed Cost | p. 102 |
| Optimal Spacing of Point Grids Taking Cost and "Value" into Account | p. 102 |
| Optimizing the Spacing of Parallel Transects | p. 105 |
| Optimal Spacing of Transects Taking Costs and "Value" into Account | p. 106 |
| Spacing Transects within Polygons | p. 107 |
| Retiring-square Pattern | p. 108 |
| Optimizing the Size of Quadrats and Other Spatial Units | p. 108 |
| Optimizing Polygon Size for the Variance of Estimates at a Fixed Cost | p. 108 |
| Balancing the Costs and Benefits of Polygon Size | p. 109 |
| Optimizing the Size of SSTs for Artifact Density | p. 109 |
| Influences on Detection of Spatial Pattern | p. 110 |
| Influences on Parameter Estimates | p. 110 |
| Conclusions | p. 112 |
| Sampling Space: Statistical Surveys | p. 113 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780306473470
ISBN-10: 030647347X
Series: Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique
Published: 31st October 2002
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 300
Audience: College, Tertiary and University
Publisher: Springer Nature B.V.
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 24.13 x 16.51 x 2.54
Weight (kg): 0.66
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