| List of Figures and Tables | p. viii |
| Preface | p. ix |
| Groups and Individuals | |
| Interest Groups and the Changing Nature of Political Science | p. 3 |
| Institutionalism | p. 4 |
| Interest Groups and Pluralism | p. 5 |
| Critics of Pluralism | p. 6 |
| Formal Theory: An Operating Theory of Politics | p. 7 |
| Notes | p. 8 |
| Why Do Individuals Join Groups? | p. 10 |
| Introduction | p. 10 |
| David B. Truman and the Formation of Interest Groups | p. 11 |
| Mancur Olson and the Formation of Interest Groups | p. 14 |
| Evidence and Empirical Concerns | p. 23 |
| New Insights | p. 28 |
| Conclusion | p. 31 |
| Notes | p. 33 |
| Interest Group Entrepreneurs | p. 36 |
| Introduction | p. 36 |
| What Are the Marks of Entrepreneurship? | p. 38 |
| Salisbury's Exchange Theory | p. 39 |
| Entrepreneurs and Coordination | p. 44 |
| Group Entrepreneurs as Government Agents | p. 49 |
| Theory and Practice: Tools for Today's Entrepreneurs | p. 55 |
| Conclusion | p. 60 |
| Notes | p. 61 |
| Representing Interests | p. 65 |
| Introduction | p. 65 |
| Identifying Majoritarian Interests | p. 66 |
| Principals and Agents | p. 67 |
| Groups and Democratic Governance | p. 69 |
| Decision Making in Groups | p. 71 |
| Social Choice Theory and Group Decision Making | p. 73 |
| Solutions to Unraveling | p. 80 |
| Examples of Group Governance | p. 82 |
| Conclusion | p. 88 |
| Notes | p. 89 |
| Summary of Part I | p. 93 |
| Groups and Government | |
| The Lobbying Environment in Washington | p. 99 |
| Introduction | p. 99 |
| Interests and the Government | p. 100 |
| A Brief History of Interest Representation in Washington | p. 102 |
| Changes in Congress: Leadership and Committees | p. 106 |
| Lobbying Enterprises and Reverse Lobbying | p. 109 |
| Who's Represented in Washington | p. 113 |
| Conclusion | p. 115 |
| Notes | p. 116 |
| Lobbying | p. 119 |
| Introduction | p. 119 |
| The Day-to-Day Context of Lobbying | p. 119 |
| Legislator-Lobbyist Interactions | p. 121 |
| The Representation Problem | p. 122 |
| Characterizing the Legislator-Lobbyist Interaction | p. 125 |
| Statutory Regulations of Lobbyists | p. 128 |
| Informal Means of Regulating Lobbyists | p. 130 |
| Does the System Work? | p. 135 |
| Theory and Practice: Interpreting Rules and Guidelines for Lobbying | p. 136 |
| Conclusion | p. 138 |
| Notes | p. 139 |
| Organized Interests and the Executive and Judicial Branches | p. 144 |
| Introduction | p. 144 |
| Executive Branch Lobbying | p. 145 |
| Organized Interests and the Courts | p. 156 |
| Conclusion | p. 161 |
| Notes | p. 162 |
| Organized Interests in the Electorate: Grassroots Politics | p. 167 |
| Introduction | p. 167 |
| Early Examples of Grassroots Campaigns | p. 168 |
| Grassroots Today | p. 169 |
| Groups and the Media | p. 174 |
| Ballot Initiatives and Referenda | p. 176 |
| The Representation Problem Revisited: Organizing Others' Grassroots | p. 180 |
| Conclusion | p. 181 |
| Notes | p. 181 |
| Elections, Groups, and Money | p. 185 |
| Introduction | p. 185 |
| A Brief History of Money and Elections | p. 186 |
| Who Forms PACs? | p. 188 |
| Cash Flow: Who Gets PAC Money? | p. 192 |
| Effects of Group Money on Elections | p. 198 |
| Vote Buying in the House | p. 199 |
| Conclusion | p. 200 |
| Notes | p. 202 |
| Conclusion | p. 206 |
| Introduction | p. 206 |
| Governmental Responsiveness and Contradictory Demands | p. 207 |
| Groups and the Distribution of Social Costs | p. 212 |
| Problems Associated with an Interest Group Society and Their Possible Solutions | p. 213 |
| Are Groups Solely Responsible for the Problems within an Interest Group Society? | p. 215 |
| What Is to Be Done? | p. 219 |
| Conclusion | p. 220 |
| Notes | p. 221 |
| Glossary of Formal Terms | p. 224 |
| References | p. 229 |
| Books and Scholarly Articles | p. 229 |
| Court Cases | p. 246 |
| Media Sources | p. 246 |
| Index | p. 251 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |