An Introduction to Shell Structures

I Wood and Masonry Domes.- 1. Domes: Their Morphological Significance.- Origins and Symbolism of Domes.- Superstitious and Sacred Forms.- Mortuary Symbolism.- Christian Symbolism.- Notes.- 2. Domes: From Ancient to Islamic.- Domes from Their Ancient Beginnings.- Roman Domes and Vaults.- Early Christian Domes.- Domes in Christian Architecture.- Byzantine Domes.- Islamic Domes.- Notes.- 3. Domes from the Romanesque to the Present.- Romanesque Domes.- Domes in Renaissance and Baroque Italy.- Architects of the Renaissance and Baroque Periods.- European Domes Outside Italy.- Further Development.- The End of an Era.- Notes.- 4. Dome Technologies.- Structural Systems.- Domes: Basic Forces.- Lanterns and Skylights.- The Structural Characteristics of Masonry.- Basic Vaulting.- From Masonry to Concrete.- Timbrel Vaulting.- The Erection of Domes - Early Technology.- Ceramic Domes for Developing Countries.- Wooden Domes.- Notes.- II Concrete Shells: Fundamentals and Case Studies.- 5. Thin Shells US.- Shells and Surface Structures.- Thin Shells and Space Frames.- Curvature and Strength.- Shell Thickness.- Shells in Nature.- The Origins of Man-made Shells.- Overall Structural Equilibrium.- Floating Concrete Shells for Boats and Ships.- Prestressed Hulls.- Ferrocement Hulls at Present.- Notes.- 6. Selected Shapes of Shells.- Geometric Aspects.- Barrel Shells.- Conoidal Shells.- Cantilevered Shells.- Hyperboloids.- 7. Significant Examples of Concrete Shells in the Twentieth Century.- Buildings.- Shells in Art.- Experimental Shells.- Shell Builders of the Twentieth Century.- The Future of Thin Shells.- Notes.- 8. Construction Aspects of Shells.- The Construction-Design Relationship.- Supports.- Hinges and Ribs.- Precast Shell Technology.- Double-shell Construction.- Edge or Boundary Members.- Prestressing.- Posttensioning.- Professional Guidance for Thin-shell Design Work.- Notes.- 9. Computer Analysis of Shells and Domes.- The Finite Method.- III Practical Aids for the Preliminary Design of Thin Shells.- 10. Empirical Design of Masonry Vaulting.- Empirical Rules.- Shape Optimization.- Empirical Rules for Buckling.- Funicular Polygons Through Three Points.- Wind Forces.- Notes.- 11. Spherical Shells.- Proportioning and Sizing of Concrete Thin Shells.- Spherical Dome Design.- Nonspherical Dome Design.- Notes.- 12. Barrel Shells.- Barrel Vaults.- Barrel Shells.- Short Barrel Shells.- Long Barrel Shells.- 13. The Design of Hyperbolic Paraboloids.- Saddle-type Hyperbolic Paraboloids.- Four-gable-type Hyperbolic Paraboloids.- Umbrella-type Hyperbolic Paraboloids.- Inverted Umbrella-type Hyperbolic Paraboloids.- IV Skeletal Steel Structures and Megadomes.- 14. Trussed Domes.- Skeletal Structures.- Geodesics and Space Frames.- Trussed Domes and Their Builders.- Trussed-dome Geometry and Technology.- Types of Trussed Domes.- Space-frame Domes.- Cable (Tensegrity) Domes.- Pneumatic Domes.- Notes.- 15. Computer Analysis of Trussed Domes.- Epilogue.- Appendix A ACI Building Code Requirements for Thin Shells and Folded Plates.- Appendix B Excerpts from The Engineering Index Manual 1989.- Selected Bibliography.