Air Quality and Pollution Control Lawrence K. Wang, Jerry R. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, and Kathleen Hung Li 1. Introduction 2. Characteristics of Air Pollutants 3. Standards 3.1. Ambient Air Quality Standards 3.2. Emission Standards 4. Sources 5. Effects 6. Measurements 6.1. Ambient Sampling 6.2. Source Sampling 6.3. Sample Locations 6.4. Gas Flow Rates 6.5. Relative Humidity 6.6. Sample Train 6.7. Determination of Size Distribution 7. Gas Stream Calculations 7.1. General 7.2. Emission Stream Flow Rate and Temperature Calculations 7.3. Moisture Content, Dew Point Content, and Sulfur Trioxide Calculations 7.4. Particulate Matter Loading 7.5. Heat Content Calculations 7.6. Dilution Air Calculations 8. Gas Stream Conditioning 8.1. General 8.2. Mechanical Collectors 8.3. Gas Coolers 8.4. Gas Preheaters 9. Air Quality Management 9.1. Recent Focus 9.2. Ozone 9.3. Air Toxics 9.4. Greenhouse Gases Reduction and Industrial Ecology Approach 9.5. Environmental Laws 10. Control 11. Conclusions 12. Examples 12.1. Example 1 12.2. Example 2 Nomenclature References Fabric Filtration Lawrence K. Wang, Clint Williford, and Wei-Yin Chen 1. Introduction 2. Principle and Theory 3. Application 3.1. General 3.2. Gas Cleaning 3.3. Efficiency 4. Engineering Design 4.1. Pretreatment of an Emission Stream 4.2. Air-to-Cloth Ratio 4.3. Fabric Cleaning Design 4.4. Baghouse Configuration 4.5. Construction Materials 4.6. Design Range of Effectiveness 5. Operation 5.1. General Considerations 5.2. Collection Efficiency 5.3. System Pressure Drop 5.4. Power Requirements 5.5. Filter Bag Replacement 6. Management 6.1. Evaluation of Permit Application 6.2. Economics 6.3. New Technology Awareness 7. Design Examples and Questions Nomenclature References Appendix 1: HAP Emission Stream Data Form Appendix 2: Metric Conversions Cyclones Jose Renato Coury, Reinaldo Pisani Jr., and Yung-Tse Hung 1. Introduction 2. Cyclones for Industrial Applications 2.1. General Description 2.2. Correlations for Cyclone Efficiency 2.3. Correlations for Cyclone Pressure Drop 2.4. Other Relations of Interest 2.5. Application Examples 3. Costs of Cyclone and Auxiliary Equipment 3.1. Cyclone Purchase Cost 3.2. Fan Purchase Cost 3.3. Ductwork Purchase Cost 3.4. Stack Purchase Cost 3.5. Damper Purchase Cost 3.6. Calculation of Present and Future Costs 3.7. Cost Estimation Examples 4. Cyclones for Airborne Particulate Sampling 4.1. Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere 4.2. General Correlation for Four Commercial Cyclones 4.3. A Semiempirical Approach 4.4. The "Cyclone Family" Approach 4.5. PM2.5 Sampler 4.6. Examples Nomenclature References Electrostatic Precipitation Chung-Shin J. Yuan and Thomas T. Shen 1. Introduction 2. Principles of Operation 2.1. Corona Discharge 2.2. Electrical Field Characteristics 2.3. Particle Charging 2.4. Particle Collection 3. Design Methodology and Considerations 3.1. Precipitator Size 3.2. Particulate Resistivity 3.3. Internal Configuration 3.4. Electrode Systems 3.5. Power Requirements 3.6. Gas Flow Systems 3.7. Precipitator Housing 3.8. Flue Gas Conditioning 3.9. Removal of Collected Particles 3.10. Instrumentation 4. Applications 4.1. Electric Power Industry 4.2. Pulp and Paper Industry 4.3. Metallurgical Industry 4.4. Cement Industry 4.5. Chemical Industry 4.6. Municipal Solid-Waste Incinerators 4.7. Petroleum Industry 4.8. Others 5. Problems and Corrections 5.1. Fundamental Problems 5.2. Mechanical Problems 5.3. Operational Problems 5.4. Chemical Problems 6. Expected Future Developments Nomenclature References Wet and Dry Scrubbing Lawrence K. Wang, Jerry R. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, James E. Eldridge, and Kathleen Hung Li 1. Introduction 1.1. General Process Descriptions 1.2. Wet Scrubbing or Wet Absorption 1.3. Dry Scrubbing or Dry Absorption 2. Wet Scrubbers 2.1. Wet Absorbents or Solvents 2.2. Wet Scrubbing Systems 2.3. Wet Scrubber Applications 2.4. Packed Tower (Wet Scrubber) Design 2.5. Venturi Wet Scrubber Design 3. Dry Scrubbers 3.1. Dry Absorbents 3.2. Dry Scrubbing Systems 3.3. Dry Scrubbing Applications 3.4. Dry Scrubber Design 4. Practical Examples Nomenclature References Appendix: Listing of Compounds Currently Considered Hazardous Condensation Lawrence K. Wang, Clint Williford, and Wei-Yin Chen 1. Introduction 1.1. Process Description 1.2. Types of Condensing Systems 1.3. Range of Effectiveness 2. Pretreatment, Posttreatment, and Engineering Considerations 2.1. Pretreatment of Emission Stream 2.2. Prevention of VOC Emission from Condensers 2.3. Proper Maintenance 2.4. Condenser System Design Variables 3. Engineering Design 3.1. General Design Information 3.2. Estimating Condensation Temperature 3.3. Condenser Heat Load 3.4. Condenser Size 3.5. Coolant Selection and Coolant Flow Rate 3.6. Refrigeration Capacity 3.7. Recovered Product 4. Management 4.1. Permit Review and Application 4.2. Capital and Annual Costs of Condensers 5. Environmental Applications 6. Design Examples Nomenclature References Appendix: Average Specific Heats of Vapors Flare Process Lawrence K. Wang, Clint Williford, and Wei-Yin Chen 1. Introduction 2. Pretreatment and Engineering Considerations 2.1. Supplementary Fuel Requirements 2.2. Flare Gas Flow Rate and Heat Content 2.3. Flare Gas Exit Velocity and Destruction Efficiency 2.4. Steam Requirements 3. Engineering Design 3.1. Design of the Flame Angle 3.2. Design of Flare Height 3.3. Power Requirements of a Fan 4. Management 4.1. Data Required for Permit Application 4.2. Evaluation of Permit Application 4.3. Cost Estimation 5. Design Examples Nomenclature References Thermal Oxidation Lawrence K. Wang, Wei Lin, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. Introduction 1.1. Process Description 1.2. Range of Effectiveness 1.3. Applicability to Remediation Technologies 2. Pretreatment and Engineering Considerations 2.1. Air Dilution 2.2. Design Variables 3. Supplementary Fuel Requirements 4. Engineering Design and Operation 4.1. Flue Gas Flow Rate 4.2. Combustion Chamber Volume 4.3. System Pressure Drop 5. Management 5.1. Evaluation of Permit Application 5.2. Operations and Manpower Requirements 5.3. Decision for Rebuilding, Purchasing New or Used Incinerators 5.4. Environmental Liabilities 6. Design Examples Nomenclature References Catalytic Oxidation Lawrence K. Wang, Wei Lin, and Yung-Tse Hung 1. Introduction 1.1. Process Description 1.2. Range of Effectiveness 1.3. Applicability to Remediation Technologies 2. Pretreatment and Engineering Considerations 2.1. Air Dilution Requirements 2.2. Design Variables 3. Supplementary Fuel Requirements 4. Engineering Design and Operation 4.1. Flue Gas Flow Rates 4.2. Catalyst Bed Requirement 4.3. System Pressure Drop 5. Management 5.1. Evaluation of Permit Application 5.2. Operation and Manpower Requirements 5.3. Decision for Rebuilding, Purchasing New or Used Incinerators 5.4. Environmental Liabilities abd Risk-Based Corrective Action 6. Design Examples Nomenclature References Gas-Phase Activated Carbon Adsorption Lawrence K. Wang, Jerry R. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, and Kathleen Hung Li 1. Introduction and Definitions 1.1. Adsorption 1.2. Adsorbents 1.3. Carbon Adsorption and Desorption 2. Adsorption Theory 3. Carbon Adsorption Pretreament 3.1. Cooling 3.2. Dehumidification 3.3. High VOC Reduction 4. Design and Operation 4.1. Design Data Gathering 4.2. Type of Carbon Adsorption Systems 4.3. Design of Fixed Regenerative Bed Carbon Adsorption Systems 4.4. Design of Canister Carbon Adsorption Systems 4.5. Calculation of Pressure Drops 4.6. Summary of Application 4.7. Regeneration and Air Pollution Control of Carbon Adsorption System 4.8. Granular Activated Carbon Versus Activated Carbon Fiber 4.9. Carbon Suppliers, Equipment Suppliers, and Service Providers 5. Design Examples Nomenclature References Gas-Phase Biofiltration Gregory T. Kleinheinz and Phillip C. Wright 1. Introduction 2. Types of Biological Air Treatment System 2.1. General Descriptions 2.2. Novel or Emerging Designs 3. Operational Considerations 3.1. General Operational Considerations 3.2. Biofilter Media 3.3. Microbiological Considerations 3.4. Chemical Considerations 3.5. Comparison to Competing Technologies 4. Design Considerations/Parameters 4.1. Predesign 4.2. Packing 5. Case Studies 5.1. High-Concentration 2-Propanol and Acetone 5.2. General Odor Control at a Municipal Wastewater-Treatment Facility 6. Process Control and Monitoring 7. Limitations of the Technology 8. Conclusions Nomenclature References Emerging Air Pollution Control Technologies Lawrence K. Wang, Jerry R. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, and Kathleen Hung Li 1. Introduction 2. Process Modification 3. Vehicle Air Pollution and Its Control 3.1. Background 3.2. Standards 3.3. Sources of Loss 3.4. Control Technologies and Alternate Power Plants 4. Mechanical Particulate Collectors 4.1. General 4.2. Gravitational Collectors 4.3. Other Methods 4.4. Use of Chemicals 4.5. Simultaneous Particle-Gas Removal Interactions 5. Entrainment Separation 6. Internal Combustion Engines 6.1. Process Description 6.2. Applications to Air Emission Control 7. Membrane Process 7.1. Process Description 7.2. Application to Air Emission Control 8. Ultraviolet Photolysis 8.1. Process Description 8.2. Application to Air Emission Control 9. High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters 9.1. Process Description 9.2. Application to Air Emission Control 10. Technical and Economical Feasibility of Selected Emerging Technologies for Air Pollution Control 10.1. General Discussion 10.2. Evaluation of ICEs, Membrane Process, UV Process, and High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters 10.3. Evaluation of Fuel-Cell-Powered Vehicles for Air Emission Reduction Nomenclature References Index
