| Preliminaries | |
| The Physical Setting | |
| The Changing Climate of the Last 20,000 Years | |
| The Dating Method | |
| The Ice SheetsIce and SeaIce and Fresh WaterIce and AtmosphereIce-free Land: Refugia and Nunataks | |
| The Fossil Evidence | |
| Fossils | |
| Microfossils | |
| PollenSediment Cores and Pollen Diagrams | |
| Dating: The Radiocarbon Method | |
| Dating by Volcanic Ash Layers | |
| Interpreting the Evidence | |
| Some of the Problems | |
| Interpreting Pollen Diagrams | |
| Interpreting Geographical Range Maps: Animals | |
| Interpreting Geographical Range Maps: Plants | |
| The Migration of Vegetation | |
| Shifting Zones of Vegetation | |
| The Starting Conditions | |
| Conditions in the Newly Deglaciated Land | |
| The Invasion by Plants | |
| The Renewal of Vegetation | |
| Ecological Inertia | |
| Photoperiodism | |
| The Time of Maximum Ice | |
| Eighteen Thousand Years Ago: Life South of the Ice | |
| Large Mammals and Their Environments South of the Ice Sheets | |
| Human Life South of the Ice | |
| Plants South of the Ice Sheets | |
| The Coasts | |
| North America as an Extension of Asia | |
| The South Coast of Beringia | |
| The Western Edge of the Ice | |
| The East Coast Plains and Islands | |
| The East Coast Refugia | |
| Beringia and the Ice-free Corridor | |
| Beringia and Its Big GameHuman Life in Beringia | |
| The Ice-free Corridor | |
| Refugia Near the Ice-free Corridor | |
| The Melting of the Ice | |
| The Ice Begins to Melt | |
| South of the Ice: Tundra | |
| South of the Ice: Forest Parkland and Muskeg | |
| Stagnant Ice | |
| Superglacial and Ice-walled Lakes and Their Ecology | |
| The Great Proglacial Lakes | |
| Glacial Lakes Missoula and Columbia | |
| Migration from Bergingia | |
| Glacial Lakes Agassiz and McConnell | |
| The Precursors of the Great Lakes and Glacial Lake Ojibway | |
| The Rising Sea | |
| The Sundering of Beringia | |
| The Atlantic Shore | |
| The Atlantic Coastlands | |
| The champlain Sea | |
| The Tyrell Sea | |
| The Pleistocene/Holocene Transition | |
| The End of an Epoch | |
| The End of the Pleistocene | |
| The Changing Forest | |
| The Prairie Grasslands | |
| Transition in the West: The Interior | |
| Transition in the West: The Coast | |
| Beringia at the Turn of the Epoch | |
| The Great Wave of Extinctions | |
| Extinction Waves: When, Where, and What | |
| The Prehistoric Overkill Hypothesis | |
| The Arguments against Overkill | |
| Changing Environment Theories | |
| Extinct Birds | |
| Our Present Epoch, The Holocene | |
| The Great Warmth | |
| Some Northward Shifts of Northern Limits | |
| The Hypsithermal at Sea | |
| The Hypsithermal in the Mountains | |
| Refugia from the Drought Human Life in the Hypsithermal | |
| The Neoglaciation | |
| The Spread of Muskeg | |
| Increased Rain in the Prairies | |
| The Shifting Ranges of Forest Tree Species | |
| The Neoglacial and the Northern Treeline | |
| Refugia Reestablished | |
| Respites in the Neoglaciation | |
| The Little Ice Age | |
| Epilogue | |
| Names of Species: English and Latin | |
| Names of Species: Latin and English | |
| Notes | |
| Index | |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |