| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The Economics of Regionalisation vs. Globalisation | p. 1 |
| Bridging the Gap: Places and Extra-territorial Spaces | p. 2 |
| The Advantages of Place: Innovation Systems | p. 2 |
| The Fragmentation of Production - Despatialisation? | p. 4 |
| Constructing a Cluster Complexes Framework | p. 5 |
| Specifying the Research Problem | p. 6 |
| The Key Questions | p. 7 |
| The Structure of the Book | p. 8 |
| Boundaries and Contributions of this Research | p. 10 |
| Overview | p. 11 |
| Systemic Innovation and Nation States | p. 13 |
| Knowledge, Technology, Innovation and Nation States | p. 13 |
| Technology, Competitiveness and Systems | p. 14 |
| Economic Growth | p. 14 |
| Innovation Aids All Sectors from Agriculture to Services | p. 16 |
| Innovation Embedded in Nations | p. 18 |
| Systems Theory | p. 19 |
| The Historical and Continuing Importance of Nations | p. 23 |
| Learning Nations | p. 23 |
| Production System Specialisation and Trajectories | p. 27 |
| Nations in a Changing World: Weaknesses of NIS | p. 28 |
| NIS and National Geography | p. 29 |
| NIS Politically Defined | p. 30 |
| NIS, Borders and Economic Space | p. 32 |
| Innovative Regions, Clusters and Milieux | p. 33 |
| Innovation Territories | p. 33 |
| Locating Clusters | p. 35 |
| Clusters, Regions and Sectors | p. 36 |
| Defining and Finding the Places of Interest | p. 37 |
| The Geography of Agglomeration | p. 39 |
| Knowledge and Innovation Geography | p. 40 |
| Supply Architecture | p. 42 |
| Cluster Based Theories of the Drivers of Proximity | p. 44 |
| Traded Interdependencies: Supply Architectures | p. 45 |
| Users and Producers: Linking Production and Innovation | p. 48 |
| Untraded Interdependencies: Knowledge Flows | p. 50 |
| Cluster Boundaries and Extra-territorial Linkages | p. 52 |
| Contiguous Regions | p. 53 |
| Clusters Beyond Proximity | p. 54 |
| Multi-spatial Production and Innovation Spaces | p. 57 |
| Beyond Borders: Trade and Networks | p. 59 |
| Traded Interdependencies Beyond Borders | p. 59 |
| Trade, Borders and the Sourcing of Products | p. 60 |
| Trade Specialisation Patterns | p. 61 |
| Bilateral Trade Relations | p. 63 |
| International Value Chains and Spatial Specialisations | p. 71 |
| Proximity and Multi-Spatial Innovation Systems | p. 78 |
| Spatial Innovation Systems: NIS and Clusters | p. 78 |
| The Multi-Spatial Gap: Cluster Context and Trade Linkages | p. 80 |
| Linked Clusters: Specialised Nodes, Globalised Products | p. 81 |
| Clusters, GPNs or Multi-Spatial Cluster Networks? | p. 83 |
| Australia's Aerospace Micro-Cluster | p. 83 |
| Measuring Inter-Cluster Interdependencies | p. 89 |
| Identifying Multi-Spatial Innovation Systems | p. 89 |
| The Appeal of I-O Modelling | p. 90 |
| Criticisms of Using I-O in Innovation Studies | p. 91 |
| Benefits of I-O Modelling | p. 92 |
| Multi-Country Input-Output Data | p. 96 |
| Inter-Regional I-O Modelling | p. 97 |
| Constructing the I-O Tables | p. 97 |
| Limitations of Trade Data | p. 101 |
| Inter-Country Modelling Analyses | p. 102 |
| Net Multipliers | p. 103 |
| Data Analysis: Chaps. 6-9 | p. 105 |
| Clustering Internationalisation | p. 107 |
| Dependence on Imported Components | p. 107 |
| Complexity, Clustering and Imports | p. 113 |
| Knowledge Economy and Clustering | p. 113 |
| R&D Intensity | p. 114 |
| Pavitt's Industry and Innovation Taxonomy | p. 117 |
| Complex Technologies | p. 123 |
| Imports, Science and Scale | p. 123 |
| Import Intensiveness | p. 123 |
| Implications for Theory, Research and Policy | p. 124 |
| Cluster Complexes: Auto Production | p. 125 |
| The Significance of Automotive Production Systems | p. 125 |
| Background: A Traditional Perspective of Exports | p. 126 |
| The Evolution of the Inter-cluster Networking | p. 129 |
| Auto Activities 1970 | p. 129 |
| Auto Activities 1990 | p. 130 |
| EU 15 | p. 132 |
| Auto Activities 2000 | p. 135 |
| Techno-Organisational Context of Auto Production | p. 139 |
| Clusters, Complexes and System Hierarchies | p. 139 |
| Geography and Organisation | p. 141 |
| Reconfiguration | p. 142 |
| Implications and Conclusions | p. 145 |
| Cluster Complexes: Civil Aerospace | p. 147 |
| Aerospace: The Techno-Organisational Context | p. 147 |
| Cluster Networking | p. 149 |
| Aerospace 1970 | p. 149 |
| Aerospace 1990 | p. 151 |
| Aerospace 1995-2000 | p. 151 |
| Aerospace Import Changes | p. 155 |
| The Beginnings of the Future of Aerospace Geography | p. 156 |
| Implications and Conclusions | p. 161 |
| Innovation Theory and Analysis | p. 162 |
| Policy Matters | p. 162 |
| Cluster Complexes: Electronics and ICT | p. 165 |
| Introduction: Structures of Interdependencies | p. 165 |
| The Third Technological Revolution: ICT | p. 166 |
| Economic Growth and ICT | p. 166 |
| ICT Clustering | p. 167 |
| ICT Exports After 1990 | p. 169 |
| ICT Cluster Networks | p. 171 |
| ICT 1970 | p. 171 |
| ICT 1990 | p. 173 |
| ICT 1990-2000 | p. 173 |
| Contemporary and Emerging Nodes of Global ICT | p. 181 |
| The Techno-Organisational Context in ICT | p. 182 |
| Contemporary East Asian Nodes | p. 183 |
| Emergent Nodes in the Global Architecture of Production | p. 187 |
| Conclusions and Implications | p. 189 |
| Conclusions on the Architecture of Economies | p. 191 |
| Atolls of Innovation or Something Else? | p. 191 |
| Local Agglomeration and Specialisation | p. 193 |
| Bridging Local and Global: The Role of Interdependencies | p. 194 |
| The Scale of Connectedness - Do These Links Matter? | p. 195 |
| Innovation Atolls? | p. 196 |
| Systems of Systems: Sectoral Footprints | p. 197 |
| The Spatial Structure of Clustering and Networking | p. 197 |
| Clustering, Fragmentation and Integration-Economic Fractals | p. 197 |
| Cluster Complexes: Nodes, Flows and Hierarchies | p. 198 |
| Spatial Organisation: Assembly, Integration and Technologies | p. 199 |
| Conclusions and Implications | p. 200 |
| Clusters Don't Innovate in Isolation | p. 201 |
| Implications for Theory | p. 202 |
| Implications for Policy | p. 202 |
| Future Research | p. 204 |
| References | p. 205 |
| Index | p. 225 |
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