| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Image Reconstruction from Projections | p. 1 |
| Probability and Random Variables | p. 18 |
| An Overview of the Process of CT | p. 27 |
| What Are We Trying to Do? | p. 27 |
| Traditional Tomography | p. 27 |
| Data Collection for CT | p. 30 |
| Voxels, Pixels, and CT Numbers | p. 31 |
| The Problem of Polychromaticity | p. 32 |
| Reconstruction Algorithms | p. 34 |
| Physical Problems Associated with Data Collection in CT | p. 37 |
| Photon Statistics | p. 37 |
| Beam Hardening | p. 42 |
| Other Sources of Error | p. 44 |
| Scanning Modes | p. 47 |
| Computer Simulation of Data Collection in CT | p. 53 |
| Pictures and Digitization | p. 53 |
| Creation of a Phantom | p. 54 |
| A Piecewise-Homogeneous Head Phantom | p. 56 |
| Head Phantom with a Large Tumor and Local Inhomogeneities | p. 59 |
| Creation of the Ray Sums | p. 60 |
| Fast Calculation of a Ray Sum for a Digitized Picture | p. 63 |
| Data Collection and Reconstruction of the Head Phantom | p. 67 |
| Methods of Picture Comparison | p. 67 |
| Task-Oriented Comparison of Algorithm Performance | p. 69 |
| An Illustration Using Selective Smoothing | p. 73 |
| Reconstruction from Perfect Data | p. 78 |
| Effects of Photons Statistics | p. 83 |
| Effect of Beam Hardening | p. 86 |
| The Effects of Detector Width and Scatter | p. 91 |
| Simulation of Different Scanning Modes | p. 95 |
| Basic Concepts of Reconstruction Algorithms | p. 101 |
| Problem Statement | p. 101 |
| Transform Methods | p. 106 |
| Series Expansion Methods | p. 108 |
| Optimization Criteria | p. 111 |
| Blob Basis Functions | p. 119 |
| Computational Efficiency | p. 122 |
| Backprojection | p. 125 |
| Continuous Backprojection | p. 125 |
| Implementation of the Backprojection Operator | p. 127 |
| Discrete Backprojection | p. 131 |
| Filtered Backprojection for Parallel Beams | p. 135 |
| Convolutions, Hilbert Transforms, Regularization | p. 135 |
| Derivation of the FBP Method | p. 139 |
| Implementation of the FBP Method | p. 140 |
| Fourier Transforms | p. 143 |
| Sampling and Interpolation | p. 146 |
| The Choice of Convolving and Interpolating Functions | p. 147 |
| Why So Popular? | p. 157 |
| Other Transform Methods for Parallel Beams | p. 159 |
| Two-Dimensional Fourier Transforms | p. 159 |
| The Fourier Method of Reconstruction | p. 161 |
| Linograms | p. 166 |
| Rho-Filtered Layergram | p. I73 |
| Filtered Backprojection for Divergent Beams | p. 177 |
| The Divergent Beam FBP Algorithm | p. 177 |
| Choice of the Window Function | p. 181 |
| Point Response Function | p. 182 |
| Noise Reconstruction | p. 186 |
| Comparison of Algorithms Based on Reconstructions | p. 188 |
| Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques | p. 193 |
| What is Art? | p. 193 |
| Relaxation Methods for Solving Systems of Inequalities and Equalities | p. 196 |
| Additive Art | p. 201 |
| Tricks | p. 205 |
| Efficacy of Art | p. 210 |
| Quadratic Optimization Methods | p. 217 |
| Mathematical Background to Quadratic Optimization | p. 217 |
| Richardson's Method for Solving Systems of Equations | p. 221 |
| Smoothing Matrices | p. 224 |
| Implementation of Richardson's Methods for Image Reconstruction | p. 226 |
| A Demonstration of Quadratic Optimization | p. 227 |
| Truly Three-Dimensional Reconstruction | p. 235 |
| Three-Dimensional Series Expansion | p. 236 |
| Dynamically Changing 3D Phantoms and Their Projections | p. 237 |
| Three-Dimensional Reconstructions of the Dynamic Phantom | p. 240 |
| Three-Dimensional Display of Organs | p. 243 |
| The Basic Approach | p. 243 |
| Boundary Detection | p. 246 |
| Hidden Surface Removal | p. 251 |
| Shading | p. 253 |
| Mathematical Background | p. 259 |
| The Dimensionality of the Linear Attenuation Coefficient | p. 259 |
| The Line Integral of the Relative Linear Attenuation | p. 260 |
| The Radon Inversion Formula | p. 261 |
| A Picture is Not Uniquely Determined by a Finite Number of Its Views | p. 265 |
| Analysis of the Photon Statistics | p. 267 |
| The Integral Expression for Polychromatic Ray Sums | p. 269 |
| Proof of the Regularization Theorem | p. 270 |
| Convergence of the Relaxation Method for Inequalities | p. 273 |
| References | p. 277 |
| Index | p. 293 |
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