| Preface | p. ix |
| List of Contributors | p. xi |
| Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 2 |
| The Heart Diseases | p. 8 |
| The Cardiovascular Devices in Open-Heart Surgery | p. 8 |
| Blood Pumps | p. 9 |
| Valve Prostheses | p. 23 |
| Heart Pacemaker | p. 34 |
| The Minimally Invasive Cardiology Tools | p. 34 |
| The Technology for Atrial Fibrillation | p. 38 |
| Minimally Invasive Surgery | p. 39 |
| The Classical Thoracoscopic Tools | p. 40 |
| The Surgical Robots | p. 43 |
| Blood Pumps - MIS Application Study | p. 49 |
| The Minimally Invasive Valve Implantation | p. 53 |
| Support Technology for Surgery Planning | p. 53 |
| Conclusions | p. 57 |
| Biomechanical Modeling of Stents: Survey 1997-2007 | p. 61 |
| Introduction | p. 62 |
| Finite Element Modeling of Stents | p. 63 |
| Finite element basics | p. 63 |
| Geometrical design and approximation | p. 64 |
| Material properties | p. 65 |
| Loading and boundary conditions | p. 66 |
| Finite element stent design | p. 66 |
| Effective use of FEA | p. 68 |
| Survey of the State of the Art in Stent Modeling: 1997-2007 | p. 68 |
| Neglect of the balloon | p. 69 |
| Cylindrical balloon | p. 74 |
| Folded balloon | p. 78 |
| Summary | p. 81 |
| Alternative methods for biomechanical modeling of stents | p. 84 |
| FEM - Prolapse, flexibility and strut micromechanics | p. 84 |
| FEM - Self-expandable stents | p. 85 |
| CFD-drug elution and immersed FEM | p. 87 |
| Future Prospects | p. 88 |
| Conclusion | p. 88 |
| Signal Extraction in Multisensor Biomedical Recordings | p. 95 |
| Introduction | p. 96 |
| Aim and scope of the chapter | p. 96 |
| Mathematical notations | p. 97 |
| Genesis of Biomedical Signals | p. 98 |
| A biomedical source model | p. 98 |
| Cardiac signals | p. 101 |
| Brain signals | p. 105 |
| Multi-Reference Optimal Wiener Filtering | p. 109 |
| Non-invasive fetal ECG extraction | p. 109 |
| Optimal Wiener filtering | p. 110 |
| Adaptive noise cancellation | p. 112 |
| Results | p. 113 |
| Spatio-Temporal Cancellation | p. 115 |
| Atrial activity extraction in atrial fibrillation | p. 115 |
| Spatio-temporal cancellation of the QRST complex in AF episodes | p. 117 |
| Blind Source Separation (BSS) | p. 123 |
| The isolation of interictal epileptic discharges in the EEG | p. 123 |
| Modeling and assumptions | p. 125 |
| Inherent indeterminacies | p. 127 |
| Statistical independence, higher-order statistics and non-Gaussianity | p. 127 |
| Independent component analysis | p. 129 |
| Algorithms | p. 131 |
| Results | p. 133 |
| Incorporating prior information into the separation model | p. 136 |
| Independent subspaces | p. 138 |
| Softening the stationarity constraint | p. 138 |
| Revealing more sources than sensor signals | p. 138 |
| Summary, Conclusions and Outlook | p. 139 |
| Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy and Imaging of Visible Fluorescent Proteins | p. 145 |
| Introduction | p. 146 |
| Introduction to Fluorescence | p. 146 |
| Interaction of light with matter | p. 146 |
| The Jablonski diagram | p. 147 |
| Fluorescence parameters | p. 151 |
| Fluorescence lifetime | p. 151 |
| Measurement of fluorescence lifetime | p. 153 |
| Fluorescence anisotropy and polarization | p. 155 |
| Factors affecting fluorescence | p. 157 |
| Fluorophores and Fluorescent Proteins | p. 160 |
| Green fluorescent protein | p. 161 |
| Red fluorescent protein | p. 165 |
| Applications of VFPs | p. 166 |
| Lifetime spectroscopy and imaging of VFPs | p. 167 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 170 |
| Monte Carlo Simulations in Nuclear Medicine Imaging | p. 175 |
| Introduction | p. 176 |
| Nuclear Medicine Imaging | p. 176 |
| Single photon imaging | p. 176 |
| Positron emission tomography | p. 178 |
| Emission tomography in small animal imaging | p. 179 |
| Reconstruction | p. 179 |
| The MC Method | p. 180 |
| Random numbers | p. 180 |
| Sampling methods | p. 181 |
| Photon transport modeling | p. 182 |
| Scoring | p. 183 |
| Relevance of Accurate MC Simulations in Nuclear Medicine | p. 184 |
| Studying detector design | p. 184 |
| Analysing quantification issues | p. 184 |
| Correction methods for image degradations | p. 185 |
| Detection tasks using MC simulations | p. 186 |
| Applications in other domains | p. 186 |
| Available MC Simulators | p. 187 |
| Gate | p. 188 |
| Basic features | p. 188 |
| GATE: Time management | p. 192 |
| GATE: Digitization | p. 193 |
| Efficiency-Accuracy Trade-Off | p. 194 |
| Accuracy and validation | p. 194 |
| Calculation time | p. 194 |
| Case Studies | p. 195 |
| Case study I: TOF-PET | p. 195 |
| Case study II: Assessment of PVE correction | p. 196 |
| Case study III: MC-based reconstruction | p. 197 |
| Future Prospects | p. 200 |
| Conclusion | p. 200 |
| Biomedical Visualization | p. 209 |
| Introduction | p. 210 |
| Scalar Field Visualization | p. 211 |
| Direct volume rendering | p. 211 |
| Isosurface extraction | p. 220 |
| Time-dependent scalar field visualization | p. 222 |
| Vector Field Visualization | p. 223 |
| Vector field methods in scientific visualization | p. 224 |
| Streamline-based techniques | p. 225 |
| Stream surfaces | p. 226 |
| Texture representations | p. 229 |
| Topology | p. 232 |
| Tensor Field Visualization | p. 234 |
| Anisotropy and tensor invariants | p. 235 |
| Color coding of major eigenvector orientation | p. 236 |
| Tensor glyphs | p. 236 |
| Fiber tractography | p. 239 |
| Volume rendering | p. 241 |
| White matter segmentation using tensor invariants | p. 244 |
| Multi-field Visualization | p. 245 |
| Error and Uncertainty Visualization | p. 250 |
| Visualization Software | p. 254 |
| SCIRun/BioPSE visualization tools | p. 255 |
| map3d | p. 258 |
| Summary and Conclusion | p. 263 |
| Index | p. 273 |
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