Advanced Ocean Modelling

Using Open-Source Software

By: Jochen Kampf

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Hardcover | 5 June 2010

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196 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 1.27

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This book focuses on motions of incompressible ?uids of a freely moving surface being in?uenced by both the Earth's rotation and density strati?cation. In contrast to traditional textbooks in the ?eld of geophysical ?uid dynamics, such as those by by Cushman-Roisin (1994) and Gill (1982), this book uses the method of proce- oriented hydrodynamic modelling to illustrate a rich variety of ?uid phenomena. To this end, the reader can adopt the model codes, found on the Springer server accompanying this book, to reproduce most graphs of this book and, even better, to create animation movies. The reader can also employ the codes as templates for own independent studies. This can be done by a lay person as a hobby activity, undergraduate or postgraduate students as part of their education, or professional scientists as part of research. Exercises of this book are run with open-source software that can be freely downloaded from the Internet. This includes the FORTRAN 95 compiler "G95" used for execution of model simulations, the data visualisation program "SciLab", and "ImageMagick" for the creation of graphs and GIF animations, which can be watched with most Internet browsers.

Industry Reviews

From the reviews: "Advanced Ocean Modelling is a combination of a textbook and a workbook including 25 computer-based exercises, written in Fortran 95. ... The book is clearly written in an interesting manner, and is addressed to anyone wanting to learn what it takes to solve problems in ocean dynamics and needs to find effective methods to apply to them. This is an accessible textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in marine physics, physical oceanography and ocean modelling. Experienced researchers will welcome this book as a stimulating source." (Andrzej Icha, Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 168, 2011)

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Computing & I.T.Computer Programming & Software Development Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning Earth Sciences Hydrology & The Hydrosphere Oceanography & Seas Meteorology & Climatology Science Physics Applied Physics Geophysics

Graphical & Digital Media Applications 3D Graphics & Modelling Geology & The Lithosphere

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Paperback

Published: 23rd November 2014

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Introduction	p. 1
Fundamental Physical Laws	p. 1
Cartesian Coordinates	p. 1
The Navier-Stokes Equations	p. 1
Boundary Fluxes	p. 3
The Hydrostatic Approximation	p. 3
The Stability Frequency	p. 4
Numerical Methods	p. 4
Finite Differences	p. 4
Requirements for a Finite-Difference Model	p. 5
Modelling with Fortran 95	p. 5
Writing and Compiling Codes	p. 5
Modular Source Codes	p. 6
Visualisation with SciLab	p. 6
Writing SciLab Scripts	p. 6
GIF Animations	p. 7
Organisation of Work	p. 8
Download of Computer Codes	p. 8
1D Models of Ekman Layers	p. 9
Useful Background Knowledge	p. 9
Inertial Oscillations	p. 9
Semi-implicit Treatment of the Coriolis Force	p. 10
The Surface Ekman Layer	p. 11
Boundary-Layer Equations	p. 11
Scaling: The Temporal Rossby Number	p. 11
Scaling: The Ekman Number	p. 12
Solutions of the Boundary-Layer Equations	p. 13
Finite-Difference Equations	p. 13
Formulation of Diffusion Terms	p. 14
Stability Criterion for Diffusion Terms	p. 14
Exercise 1: The Surface Ekman Layer	p. 15
Task Description	p. 15
Results	p. 16
Explanation of the Ekman-Layer Structure	p. 17
Additional Exercises for the Reader	p. 17
The Bottom Ekman Layer	p. 18
Boundary-Layer Equations	p. 18
Exercise 2: The Bottom Ekman Layer	p. 18
Task Description	p. 18
Results	p. 18
Additional Exercises for the Reader	p. 19
Basics of Nonhydrostatic Modelling	p. 21
Level Models	p. 21
2D Vertical-Slice Modelling	p. 22
Configuration	p. 22
The Arakawa C-Grid	p. 23
Surface Gravity Waves	p. 24
The Governing Equations	p. 24
The Dispersion Relation	p. 24
Orbital Motions of Water Particles and Wave Pressure	p. 26
Nonhydrostatic Solver	p. 26
Splitting Pressure into Parts	p. 26
Starting as Simple as Possible	p. 27
Finite-Difference Scheme	p. 27
The S.O.R. Method	p. 29
Boundary Conditions for Variable Bathymetry	p. 31
Stability Criterion	p. 31
Exercise 3: Short Surface Gravity Waves	p. 32
Aim	p. 32
Task Description	p. 32
Results	p. 32
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 33
Implementation of Variable Bottom Topography	p. 34
Results	p. 35
Inclusion of Variable Density	p. 35
The Governing Equations	p. 35
Discretisation of the Advection Terms	p. 36
Stability Criterion for the Advection Equation	p. 38
Implementation of Density Diffusion	p. 38
Required Modifications of the Code	p. 39
Exercise 4: Density-Driven Flows	p. 40
Aim	p. 40
Task Description	p. 40
Theory	p. 41
Results	p. 41
Can Reduced-Gravity Plumes Jump?	p. 41
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 43
The Rigid-Lid Approximation	p. 43
Internal Waves	p. 44
Theory	p. 44
Normal Wave Modes	p. 45
Exercise 5: Internal Waves	p. 46
Aim	p. 46
Task Description	p. 46
Results	p. 47
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 48
Mechanical Turbulence	p. 48
Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability	p. 48
Instability of a Stratified Shear Flow	p. 49
Exercise 6: Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability	p. 50
Aim	p. 50
Task Description	p. 51
Cyclic Boundary Conditions	p. 51
Results	p. 52
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 53
Lee Waves and the Froude Number	p. 53
The Hydraulic Jump	p. 53
Exercise 7: Lee Waves	p. 54
Task Description	p. 54
Results: Continuous Density Stratification	p. 55
Results: Two-Layer Stratification	p. 56
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 57
Oceanic Convection	p. 57
Background	p. 57
Free Convection	p. 57
The Flux-Rayleigh Number	p. 58
Aspect Ratio of Convection Cells	p. 59
Convective Mixed-Layer Deepening	p. 59
Exercise 8: Free Convection	p. 60
Aim	p. 60
Task Description	p. 61
A Trick to Avoid Substantial Round-off Errors	p. 62
Inclusion of Momentum Diffusion and Bottom Friction	p. 62
Results	p. 64
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 65
Exercise 9: Convective Entrainment	p. 65
How It Works	p. 65
Entrainment Velocity	p. 65
Task Description	p. 66
Results	p. 66
Additional Exercises for the Reader	p. 67
Exercise 10: Slope Convection near the Shore	p. 67
Background	p. 67
Implementation of Bottom Friction on a Sloping Terrain	p. 68
Task Description	p. 68
Results	p. 70
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 71
Double Diffusion	p. 72
Background	p. 72
Double-Diffusive Instability	p. 72
Double-Diffusive Layering	p. 73
The Gradient Ratio and the Turner Angle	p. 73
Exercise 11: Double-Diffusive Instability	p. 74
Aim	p. 74
Task Description	p. 74
Results	p. 75
Exercise 12: Double-Diffusive Layering	p. 77
Aim	p. 77
Task Description	p. 77
Results	p. 78
Additional Exercises for the Reader	p. 79
Tilted Coordinate Systems	p. 79
The Governing Equations	p. 79
Exercise 13: Stratified Flows on a Slope	p. 81
Aim	p. 81
Task Description	p. 81
Results	p. 82
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 83
Estuaries	p. 83
Definition	p. 83
Classification of Estuaries According to Origin	p. 84
The Dynamics of Positive Estuaries	p. 84
Brief Overview of Tides	p. 84
Dynamic Theory of Tides	p. 85
Tides in Estuaries	p. 85
Tidal Patterns	p. 86
Classification of Estuaries According to Stratification and Circulation	p. 86
Transport Timescales in Estuaries	p. 87
Exercise 14: Positive Estuaries	p. 89
Aim	p. 89
Task Description	p. 89
Implementation of Variable Channel Width	p. 91
Advanced Turbulence Closure	p. 91
Results	p. 92
Additional Exercises for the Reader	p. 93
Exercise 15: Inverse Estuaries	p. 94
Aim	p. 94
Task Description	p. 94
Results	p. 95
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 96
2.5D Vertical Slice Modelling	p. 97
The Basis	p. 97
Adding Another Half Dimension	p. 97
The Geostrophic Balance	p. 97
Scaling	p. 99
Conservation of Potential Vorticity	p. 99
Geostrophic Adjustment	p. 100
The 2.5d Shallow-Water Model	p. 101
Implementation of the Coriolis Force	p. 101
Potential Problems	p. 102
Exercise 16: Geostrophic Adjustment	p. 103
Aim	p. 103
Task Description	p. 103
Results	p. 104
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 105
Exercise 17: Tidal-Mixing Fronts	p. 106
Background	p. 106
Task Description	p. 106
Results	p. 107
Additional Study	p. 109
Results and Discussion	p. 109
Additional Exercises for the Reader	p. 110
Coastal Upwelling	p. 110
Background	p. 110
How Does It Work?	p. 111
Partial and Full Upwelling	p. 111
The Upwelling Index	p. 113
Exercise 18: Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling	p. 113
Aim	p. 113
Task Description	p. 113
Advanced Turbulence Closure	p. 114
Results: Upwelling Scenario	p. 115
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 116
Results: Downwelling Scenario	p. 116
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 117
Exercise 19: Ekman Pumping	p. 118
Theoretical Background	p. 118
Aim	p. 118
Task Description	p. 118
Results: Scenario 1	p. 120
Results: Scenario 2	p. 122
Results: Scenario 3	p. 123
Additional Exercises for the Reader	p. 124
3D Level Modelling	p. 125
The Basic Equations	p. 125
The Basics	p. 125
Conservation of Momentum	p. 125
Conservation of Volume	p. 126
Evolution of the Density Field	p. 127
Numerical Treatment	p. 127
The 3d Arakawa C-grid	p. 127
Treatment of the Advection Terms	p. 128
The Nonhydrostatic Solver of the Momentum Equations	p. 129
Stability Criteria	p. 130
Exercise 20: Geostrophic Adjustment in 3D	p. 131
Aim	p. 131
Task Description	p. 131
Results	p. 132
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 132
Exercise 21: Eddy Formation in a Strait	p. 133
Background	p. 133
Aim	p. 134
Task Description	p. 134
Creation of Variable Bathymetry	p. 136
Results	p. 136
Bathymetry Creation	p. 137
Additional Exercises for the Reader	p. 137
Exercise 22: Exchange Flow Through a Strait	p. 137
Aim	p. 137
Mediterranean Seas	p. 138
Task Description	p. 139
Results	p. 140
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 142
Exercise 23: Coastal Upwelling in 3D	p. 142
Aim	p. 142
Task Description	p. 142
Results	p. 143
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 145
Time-Splitting Methods	p. 145
The Thermohaline Circulation	p. 146
The Abyssal Circulation	p. 146
The Stommel-Arons Model	p. 146
Exercise 24: The Abyssal Circulation	p. 148
Aim	p. 148
Task Description	p. 148
Results	p. 150
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 152
Improved Float Tracking	p. 152
The Equatorial Barrier	p. 155
Inertial Oscillations About the Equator	p. 155
Variation to Exercise 24	p. 156
Results	p. 156
Additional Exercise for the Reader	p. 157
Equatorial Waves	p. 158
Background	p. 158
Equatorial Kelvin Waves	p. 158
Other Equatorially Trapped Waves	p. 159
The El-Niño Southern Oscillation	p. 161
Background	p. 161
Exercise 25: Simulation of an El-Niño Event	p. 162
Aim	p. 162
Task Description	p. 162
The Smagorinsky Turbulence Closure Scheme	p. 164
Warning	p. 164
Results	p. 164
Additional Exercises for the Reader	p. 165
Advanced Lateral Boundary Conditions	p. 166
Background	p. 166
Consistency	p. 166
Inflow Conditions	p. 166
Outflow Conditions	p. 167
Zero-Gradient Conditions	p. 168
Radiation Conditions	p. 169
Sponge Layers and Low-Pass Grid Filters	p. 170
Final Remark	p. 171
Technical Information	p. 171
Bibliography	p. 173
List of Exercises	p. 177
Index	p. 179
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Advanced Ocean Modelling

Using Open-Source Software

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

Other Editions and Formats

Paperback

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