Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxxi
Topic A Background 1
Section I Context 3
1 An Introduction to Foundation Engineering 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Geosystems and Foundations 7
1.3 Foundation Engineering 8
1.4 Realm of Foundation Engineering 9
1.5 Challenging Conditions and Role of Foundation Engineer 10
1.6 Book Organization 16
1.7 Major Points 17
References 18
2 Foundation Systems â" Forms and Function 19
2.1 Process for Engineering of Foundations: Data, Design, and Construction 19
2.2 Foundation Categories: Geometry and Construction Aspects 19
2.3 Intermediate Alternatives: Semi-deep Foundations 21
2.4 Intermediate Alternatives: Ground Modification 24
2.5 Foundation Form Aspects 28
2.6 Insights on Foundation Systems; Features and Functions 29
2.7 Overall Procedure for Foundation Design 32
2.8 Case Histories 33
2.9 Major Points 39
References 40
Section II Geotechnical Engineering 43
3 Geotechnical Site Investigation 45
3.1 Geotechnical Engineering 45
3.2 Geotechnical Investigations Extensions 47
3.3 Stages for Geotechnical Investigations 48
3.4 Extent of Geotechnical Site Investigation for Foundation Engineering 49
3.5 Sources of Geotechnical Data 53
3.6 In Situ Penetration Tests 57
3.7 Variability from Laboratory and In Situ Testing 58
3.8 Geotechnical Reports 58
3.9 Problematic Soils 62
3.10 Case Histories 70
3.11 Major Points 75
3.12 Questions and Problems 75
References 77
4 Soil and Rock Parameters for Foundations 79
4.1 Introduction 79
4.2 Basic Soil Mechanics for Foundation Engineering 80
4.3 Visual and Manual Soil Identification 85
4.4 Soil Classification Based on Laboratory Results 89
4.5 Soil Behavior Classification Based on In Situ Tests 94
4.6 Soil Geotechnical Parameters: Determination and Correlations 101
4.7 Rock Properties and Classification 118
4.8 Case Histories 124
4.9 Major Points 129
4.10 Questions and Problems 130
References 134
Topic B Shallow Foundations 137
Section III Spread Footings and Mats 139
5 Types and Construction Methods 141
5.1 Introduction of Shallow Foundations 141
5.2 Single Spread Foundations (Footings) 142
5.3 Combined Foundations 146
5.4 Mat Foundations 147
5.5 Uncommon Shallow Foundations 148
5.6 Case Histories 151
5.7 Major Points 154
5.8 Questions and Problems 155
References 156
6 Geotechnical Design Aspects 157
6.1 Stresses in Soil 157
6.2 Contact Pressure 160
6.3 Determining Bearing Capacity 163
6.4 Settlement Estimation 178
6.5 Stability Issues (External) 194
6.6 Major Points 200
6.7 Questions and Problems 202
References 205
7 Structural Analysis and Design 207
7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Principles of Internal Foundations Analysis 208
7.3 Analysis of Flexible Foundations 214
7.4 Structural Foundation Design 222
7.5 Structural Design of Rigid Square Footings 223
7.6 Major Points 241
7.7 Questions and Problems 242
References 244
Section IV Ground Modifications 245
8 Difficult Soil Improvement 247
8.1 Introduction 247
8.2 Background 248
8.3 Soil Improvement Methods 248
8.4 Earth Works 248
8.5 Compaction and Densification 253
8.6 Physical and Chemical Modification 263
8.7 Hydraulic Modification 271
8.8 Reinforcement 277
8.9 Quality Control and Selection of Methods 283
8.10 Major Points 284
8.11 Questions and Problems 286
References 288
9 Foundations on Stabilized Soils 291
9.1 Introduction 291
9.2 Foundations on Massive Treated Soil 292
9.3 Foundations on Rigid Intrusions (Stone Columns) 299
9.4 Foundations on Reinforced Soils 308
9.5 Major Points 323
9.6 Questions and Problems 324
References 327
Topic C Semi-Deep Foundations 329
Section V Skirted, Floating, and Shell Foundations 331
10 Types and Construction Approach 333
10.1 Introduction 333
10.2 Geotechnical Background 334
10.3 Categories 335
10.4 Well Foundations 335
10.5 Skirted Foundations 338
10.6 Floating Foundations 339
10.7 Bucket Foundations 341
10.8 Spudcan 346
10.9 Shell Foundations 348
10.10 Major Points 353
10.11 Questions 354
References 356
11 Skirted, Bucket, and Spudcan Foundations 359
11.1 Introduction 359
11.2 Bearing Capacity Determination: Classic and Modified Approaches 361
11.3 Bearing Capacity of Skirted Foundations 361
11.4 Bearing Capacity of Bucket Foundations 366
11.5 Bearing Capacity of Spudcans 369
11.6 Bearing Capacity Semi-Deep Foundations under Combined Loading (VMH) 372
11.7 Main Correlations for Failure Pattern Under VMH Loading 377
11.8 Case Studies 380
11.9 Major Points 391
11.10 Questions and Problems 392
References 394
12 Floating (Balanced) Foundations 397
12.1 Background to Floating Foundations 397
12.2 Floating Foundations Principles 398
12.3 Types of Floating Foundations 398
12.4 Excavation Issues and Associated Difficulties 403
12.5 Supporting Systems 410
12.6 Floating Foundation Design 415
12.7 Case Studies 420
12.8 Major Points 425
12.9 Questions and Problems 426
References 428
13 Shell Foundations 431
13.1 Introduction 431
13.2 Overview of Shells in Civil Engineering 433
13.3 Categories of Shell Foundations 435
13.4 Design Approaches 438
13.5 Geotechnical Design Approach 441
13.6 Structural Design Approach 444
13.7 Case Studies 448
13.8 Case Studies 455
13.9 Questions and Problems 456
References 458
Topic D Deep Foundations 459
Section VI Single Piles and Drilled Shafts 461
14 Types and Installation 463
14.1 Deep Foundations Applications 463
14.2 Piles Materials and Cross-Sections 464
14.3 Pile Installation 466
14.4 Drilled Shafts (Bored Piles): Applications and Construction 473
14.5 Special Piles 479
14.6 Major Points 496
14.7 Questions and Problems 497
References 498
15 Geotechnical Design 501
15.1 Deep Foundation Design 501
15.2 Load Transfer Mechanism 502
15.3 Bearing Capacity: Static Analysis 504
15.4 Code-Based Methods 510
15.5 Loadâ"Displacement of Piles (Pâ"Î") 517
15.6 Settlement 522
15.7 Resistance Distribution; Residual Stress 523
15.8 Helical Piles Capacity 526
15.9 Pullout Capacity 530
15.10 Post-Installation Capacity Variations 533
15.11 Major Points 545
15.12 Questions and Problems 546
References 549
16 In Situ Penetration Testing Applications 551
16.1 Introduction 551
16.2 Scale Effect in Correlations Between Pile, Foundation, and CPT 552
16.3 CPT and Pile Scale Effect for Toe Capacity 552
16.4 Scale Effect in Estimation of Shaft Capacity 558
16.5 CPT or SPT Records for Pile Installation 561
16.6 Commonly Used SPT-Based Methods for Pile Axial-Bearing Capacity 562
16.7 Commonly Used Direct CPT-Based Methods for Pile Axial-Bearing Capacity 567
16.8 Comments on the Methods 574
16.9 Case Histories 584
16.10 Major Points 591
16.11 Questions and Problems 591
References 599
17 Lateral Loading and Structural Aspect 603
17.1 Background of Lateral Loading 603
17.2 Foundation Resistance Against Lateral Loading 606
17.3 Analysis of Piles with Lateral Loads 608
17.4 Lateral Pressure â" Displacement Approach (pâ"y Curves) 623
17.5 General Structural Design Aspects 630
17.6 Structural Considerations of Piles and Drilled Shafts 635
17.7 Piles and Drilled Shafts Design Under Combine Loading (VMH) 638
17.8 Shear Piles 641
17.9 Major Points 663
17.10 Questions and Problems 664
References 667
Section VII Combined Loading and Group Actions 671
18 Combined Loading and Pile Group 673
18.1 Introduction 673
18.2 Insight on Applied Pressure and Displacement Relation 676
18.3 Pile and Pile Group under Combined Loading 676
18.4 Load Distribution in a Pile Group 677
18.5 Bearing Capacity Under Axial Loads 681
18.6 Structural Design of Pile Cap 686
18.7 Settlement of Pile Group 689
18.8 Major Points 710
18.9 Questions and Problems 710
References 714
19 Piled Raft Foundations 717
19.1 Introduction 717
19.2 Principles 719
19.3 Geotechnical Performance 723
19.4 Special Considerations 730
19.5 Major Points 743
19.6 Questions 743
References 744
20 Performance Under Extreme Conditions 747
20.1 Introduction 747
20.2 Deep Foundations for Slope Stability 747
20.3 Downdrag Forces 755
20.4 Cyclic Loading and Its Effects on Deep Foundations Performance 761
20.5 Earthquake and Liquefaction 769
20.6 Scour 787
20.7 Major Points 800
20.8 Questions and Problems 801
References 803
Topic E Complementary Issues 807
Section VIII Testing and Numerical Approaches 809
21 Full Scale Load Testing and Inspections 811
21.1 Introduction 811
21.2 Shallow Foundations Testing 812
21.3 Deep Foundation Testing 820
21.4 Hybrid Foundations Testing 841
21.5 Rigid Intrusion And Micro-pile Testing 845
21.6 Integrity and Soundness Inspection 857
21.7 International Prediction Symposium Incorporating Comprehensive Pile Load Tests (Fellenius 2017) 870
21.8 Major Points 875
21.9 Questions and Problems 876
References 877
22 Numerical Analysis 883
22.1 Introduction 884
22.2 Preliminaries and Basic Concepts 884
22.3 Numerical Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering 890
22.4 Different Numerical Methods in Foundation Engineering 897
22.5 Common Software in Foundation Engineering 922
22.6 Numerical Modeling of Special Issues in Foundation Engineering 924
22.7 Major Points 958
22.8 Questions and Problems 959
References 960
Section IX Trends and Prospects 963
23 Uncertainty and Reliability 965
23.1 Introduction 965
23.2 Uncertainty Sources in Geotechnical Engineering 966
23.3 Random Analysis Techniques in Geotechnical Engineering 969
23.4 Methods for Determining the Reliability Index 969
23.5 Case Studies 976
23.6 Major Points 988
23.7 Questions and Problems 989
References 990
24 LRFD Approach and Some Codes Review 993
24.1 Introduction 993
24.2 Load and Resistance Factor Design 994
24.3 Axial Pile Bearing Capacity of Piles in Codes 999
24.4 Case Studies 1003
24.5 Major Points 1007
24.6 Questions and Problems 1007
References 1008
Topic F Recent Advances and Developments 1011
Section X Sustainable Development 1013
25 Data Mining-Based Design 1015
25.1 Introduction 1015
25.2 Soil Parameters and In Situ Testing Databases 1016
25.3 Shallow Foundation and In Situ Testing Databases 1016
25.4 Deep Foundations and In Situ Testing Databases 1017
25.5 New Approach for Pile Design Upon Cone Penetration Test Databases 1022
25.6 Implementations of Proposed Procedure 1024
25.7 Appraisal of Predictive CPT-Based Methods 1027
25.8 Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Models for Optimized Selection of Methods 1033
25.9 Major Points 1034
25.10 Questions and Problems 1035
References 1036
26 Foundation Damages: Recognition and Repair 1041
26.1 Insight on Foundation Damages 1041
26.2 Geotechnical Aspects 1042
26.3 Issues Related to Structural Design and Construction Errors 1046
26.4 Durability and Aging Effects 1047
26.5 Neighboring and Circumferential Complications 1051
26.6 Damage Assessment 1057
26.7 Foundation Restoration and Retrofitting 1061
26.8 Major Points 1091
26.9 Questions and Problems 1092
References 1093
27 Foundation Selection: Performance, Sustainability, and Value Engineering/Optimization 1097
27.1 Overview of Foundations 1097
27.2 Multidisciplinary Approach 1099
27.3 Determinant Factors for Foundations Selection 1099
27.4 Project-Based Foundation Selection 1102
27.5 The Holistic Approach to Foundation Systems: Integrating Disciplines for Long-Term Stability and Preventing Improper Foundation Selection 1112
27.6 Sustainability Applications in Foundation Engineering 1117
27.7 Reuse of Existing Foundations After Demolition of the Structures 1132
27.8 Value Engineering and Optimization 1142
27.9 Major Points 1149
27.10 Questions and Problems 1151
References 1152
Subject Index 1157
Author Index 1181
