PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xvii
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xxi
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION xxv
PREFACE xxix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxvii
1 THE FIRST LAW 1
1.1 Terminology, 1
1.2 Closed Systems, 4
1.3 Work Transfer, 7
1.4 Heat Transfer, 12
1.5 Energy Change, 16
1.6 Open Systems, 18
1.7 History, 23
References, 31
Problems, 33
2 THE SECOND LAW 39
2.1 Closed Systems, 39
2.2 Open Systems, 54
2.3 Local Equilibrium, 56
2.4 Entropy Maximum and Energy Minimum, 57
2.5 Caratheodory's Two Axioms, 62
2.6 A Heat Transfer Man's Two Axioms, 71
2.7 History, 77
References, 78
Problems, 80
3 ENTROPY GENERATION, OR EXERGY DESTRUCTION 95
3.1 Lost Available Work, 96
3.2 Cycles, 102
3.3 Nonflow Processes, 109
3.4 Steady-Flow Processes, 113
3.5 Mechanisms of Entropy Generation, 119
3.6 Entropy Generation Minimization, 126
References, 132
Problems, 133
4 SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEMS 140
4.1 Simple System, 140
4.2 Equilibrium Conditions, 141
4.3 The Fundamental Relation, 146
4.4 Legendre Transforms, 154
4.5 Relations between Thermodynamic Properties, 163
4.6 Partial Molal Properties, 179
4.7 Ideal Gas Mixtures, 183
4.8 Real Gas Mixtures, 186
References, 189
Problems, 190
5 EXERGY ANALYSIS 195
5.1 Nonflow Systems, 195
5.2 Flow Systems, 198
5.3 Generalized Exergy Analysis, 201
5.4 Air Conditioning, 203
References, 210
Problems, 210
6 MULTIPHASE SYSTEMS 213
6.1 The Energy Minimum Principle, 213
6.2 The Stability of a Simple System, 219
6.3 The Continuity of the Vapor and Liquid States, 224
6.4 Phase Diagrams, 236
6.5 Corresponding States, 247
References, 264
Problems, 266
7 CHEMICALLY REACTIVE SYSTEMS 271
7.1 Equilibrium, 271
7.2 Irreversible Reactions, 287
7.3 Steady-Flow Combustion, 295
7.4 The Chemical Exergy of Fuels, 316
7.5 Combustion at Constant Volume, 320
References, 324
Problems, 325
8 POWER GENERATION 328
8.1 Maximum Power Subject to Size Constraint, 328
8.2 Maximum Power from a Hot Stream, 332
8.3 External Irreversibilities, 338
8.4 Internal Irreversibilities, 344
8.5 Advanced Steam Turbine Power Plants, 352
8.6 Advanced Gas Turbine Power Plants, 366
8.7 Combined Steam Turbine and Gas Turbine Power Plants, 376
References, 379
Problems, 381
9 SOLAR POWER 394
9.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Thermal Radiation, 394
9.2 Reversible Processes, 403
9.3 Irreversible Processes, 404
9.4 The Ideal Conversion of Enclosed Blackbody Radiation, 413
9.5 Maximization of Power Output Per Unit Collector Area, 424
9.6 Convectively Cooled Collectors, 431
9.7 Extraterrestrial Solar Power Plant, 436
9.8 Climate, 438
9.9 Self-Pumping and Atmospheric Circulation, 449
References, 453
Problems, 455
10 REFRIGERATION 461
10.1 Joule-Thomson Expansion, 461
10.2 Work-Producing Expansion, 468
10.3 Brayton Cycle, 471
10.4 Intermediate Cooling, 477
10.5 Liquefaction, 492
10.6 Refrigerator Models with Internal Heat Leak, 502
10.7 Magnetic Refrigeration, 509
References, 518
Problems, 521
11 ENTROPY GENERATION MINIMIZATION 531
11.1 Competing Irreversibilities, 531
11.2 Balanced Counterflow Heat Exchangers, 543
11.3 Storage Systems, 555
11.4 Power Maximization or Entropy Generation Minimization, 570
11.5 From Entropy Generation Minimization to Constructal Law, 583
References, 592
Problems, 595
12 IRREVERSIBLE THERMODYNAMICS 601
12.1 Conjugate Fluxes and Forces, 602
12.2 Linearized Relations, 606
12.3 Reciprocity Relations, 607
12.4 Thermoelectric Phenomena, 610
12.5 Heat Conduction in Anisotropic Media, 625
12.6 Mass Diffusion, 635
References, 640
Problems, 642
13 THE CONSTRUCTAL LAW 646
13.1 Evolution, 646
13.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Constructal Law, 649
13.3 Inanimate Flow Systems, 655
13.4 Animate Flow Systems, 673
13.5 Size and Efficiency: Economies of Scale, 689
13.6 Growth, Spreading, and Collecting, 691
13.7 Asymmetry and Vascularization, 693
13.8 Human Preferences for Shapes, 697
13.9 The Arrow of Time, 699
References, 702
Problems, 706
APPENDIX 725
Constants, 725
Mathematical Formulas, 726
Variational Calculus, 727
Properties of Moderately Compressed Liquid States, 728
Properties of Slightly Superheated Vapor States, 729
Properties of Cold Water Near the Density Maximum, 729
References, 730
SYMBOLS 731
INDEX 741
