Preface xv
Part 1 State-of-the-art electrode materials
1 Advances in Electrode Materials 3
J. So?oducho, J. Cabaj and D. Zaj?c
1.1 Advanced Electrode Materials for Molecular Electrochemistry 4
1.1.1 Graphite and Related sp2-Hybridized Carbon Materials 4
1.1.2 Graphene 6
1.1.2.1 Graphene Preparation 6
1.1.2.2 Engineering of Graphene 7
1.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes 8
1.1.3.1 Carbon Nanotube Networks for Applications in Flexible Electronics 9
1.1.4 Surface Structure of Carbon Electrode Materials 11
1.2 Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors 12
1.2.1 Carbon-based Electrodes 12
1.2.2 Metal Oxide Composite Electrodes 13
1.2.3 Conductive Polymers-based Electrodes 15
1.2.4 Nanocomposites-based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor 16
1.3 Nanostructure Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion 16
1.3.1 Assembly and Properties of Nanoparticles 17
1.4 Progress and Perspective of Advanced Electrode Materials 18
Acknowledgments 19
References 19
2 Diamond-based Electrodes 27
Emanuela Tamburri and Maria Letizia Terranova
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Techniques for Preparation of Diamond Layers 28
2.2.1 HF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 30
2.2.2 MW-CVD Diamond Synthesis 31
2.2.3 RF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 31
2.3 Why Diamond for Electrodes? 32
2.4 Diamond Doping 33
2.4.1 In Situ Diamond Doping 34
2.4.2 Ion Implantation 37
2.5 Electrochemical Properties of Doped Diamonds 37
2.6 Diamond Electrodes Applications 39
2.6.1 Water Treatment and Disinfection 39
2.6.2 Electroanalytical Sensors 40
2.6.3 Energy Technology 45
2.6.3.1 Supercapacitors 45
2.6.3.2 Li Ion Batteries 49
2.6.3.3 Fuel Cells 51
2.7 Conclusions 52
References 53
3 Recent Advances in Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrid Assemblies for Electrochromic Applications 61
Cigdem Dulgerbaki and Aysegul Uygun Oksuz
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 History and Technology of Electrochromics 63
3.3 Electrochromic Devices 63
3.3.1 Electrochromic Contrast 64
3.3.2 Coloration Efficiency 64
3.3.3 Switching Speed 65
3.3.4 Stability 65
3.3.5 Optical Memory 65
3.4 Transition Metal Oxides 67
3.5 Tungsten Oxide 67
3.6 Conjugated Organic Polymers 69
3.7 Hybrid Materials 70
3.8 Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrids 71
3.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 95
Acknowledgments 99
References 99
Contents vii
4 Advanced Surfactant-free Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Systems: From Electrocatalysis to Bionanotechnology 103
Yaovi Holade, Teko W. Napporn and Kouakou B. Kokoh
4.1 Advanced Electrode Materials Design: Preparation and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles 104
4.1.1 Current Strategies for Metal Nanoparticles Preparation: General Consideration 104
4.1.2 Emerged Synthetic Methods without Organic Molecules as Surfactants 109
4.2 Electrocatalytic Performances Toward Organic Molecules Oxidation 114
4.2.1 Electrocatalytic Properties of Metal Nanoparticles in Alkaline Medium 114
4.2.1.1 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Glycerol Oxidation 114
4.2.1.3 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Carbohydrates Oxidation 116
4.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface 118
4.2.2.1 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Electrode Materials Surface by CO Stripping 118
4.2.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glycerol Electrooxidation Reaction 120
4.2.2.3 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glucose Electrooxidation Reaction 121
4.2.3 Electrochemical Synthesis of Sustainable Chemicals: Electroanalytical Study 123
4.2.4 Electrochemical Energy Conversion: Direct Carbohydrates Alkaline Fuel Cells 128
4.3 Metal Nanoparticles at Work in Bionanotechnology 131
4.3.1 Metal Nanoparticles at Work in Closed-Biological Conditions: Toward Implantable Devices 131
4.3.2 Activation of Implantable Biomedical and Information Processing Devices by Fuel Cells 133
4.4 Conclusions 136
Acknowledgments 137
Notes 137
References 138
Part 2 Engineering of applied electrode materials
5 Polyoxometalate-based Modified Electrodes for Electrocatalysis: From Molecule Sensing to Renewable Energy-related Applications 149
Cristina Freire, Diana M. Fernandes, Marta Nunes and Mariana Araujo
5.1 Introduction 150
5.2 POM and POM-based (Nano)Composites 151
5.2.1 Polyoxometalates 151
5.2.2 Polyoxometalate-based (Nano)Composites 154
5.2.3 General Electrochemical Behavior of POMs 157
5.3 POM-based Electrocatalysis for Sensing Applications 160
5.3.1 Reductive Electrocatalysis 161
5.3.1.1 Nitrite Reduction 161
5.3.1.2 Bromate Reduction 167
5.3.1.3 Iodate Reduction 168
5.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction Reaction 170
5.3.2 Oxidative Electrocatalysis 173
5.3.2.1 Dopamine and Ascorbic Acid Oxidations 173
5.3.2.2 l-Cysteine Oxidation 177
5.4 POM-based Electrocatalysis for Energy Storage and Conversion Applications 178
5.4.1 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 179
5.4.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 183
5.4.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 185
5.5 Concluding Remarks 191
Acknowledgments 193
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 193
References 196
6 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Ordered Mesoporous Carbons 213
Xiangjie Bo and Ming Zhou
6.1 Introduction 213
6.2 Electrochemical Sensors Based on OMCs 217
6.3 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Redox Mediators/OMCs 222
6.4 Electrochemical Sensors Based on NPs/OMCs 226
6.4.1 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Transition Metal NPs/OMCs 228
6.4.2 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Noble Metal NPs/OMCs 230
6.5 Conclusions 233
Acknowledgments 236
References 236
7 Non-precious Metal Oxide and Metal-free Catalysts for Energy Storage and Conversion 243
Tahereh Jafari, Andrew Meguerdichian, Ting Jiang, Abdelhamid El-Sawy and Steven L. Suib
7.1 Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon (M-N-C) Electrocatalysts 244
7.1.1 Introduction 244
7.1.2 Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 245
7.1.3 Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction 248
7.1.4 Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 249
7.1.5 None-Heat-treated M-N-C Electrocatalysts 250
7.1.6 Heat-treated M-N-C Electrocatalysts 254
7.1.7 Conclusion 261
7.2 Transition Metal Oxide Electrode Materials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction, Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Bifuctional Purposes (OER/ORR) 262
7.2.1 Introduction 262
7.2.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 266
7.2.2.1 Synthesis Methodology 267
7.2.2.2 OER Properties of Catalyst 272
7.2.2.3 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis of TM Oxide for OER 274
7.2.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 276
7.2.3.1 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis 277
7.2.3.2 ORR Properties of Catalyst 278
7.2.3.3 Synthesis Methodology 278
7.2.3.4 Theoretical Analyses of ORR Active Catalysts 279
7.2.4 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 279
7.2.5 Bifunctional Oxide Materials (OER/ORR) 281
7.2.5.1 Bifunctional Properties of Catalyst 281
7.2.5.2 Dopant Effects 283
7.2.5.3 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis 283
7.2.5.4 Synthesis Methodology 284
7.2.6 Conclusion 285
7.3 Transition Metal Chalcogenides, Nitrides, Oxynitrides, and Carbides (By: Ting Jiang) 285
7.3.1 Transition Metal Chalcogenides 285
7.3.2 Transition Metal Nitrides 294
7.3.3 Transition Metal Oxynitrides 296
7.3.4 Transition Metal Carbides 298
7.4 Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Metal-free 300
7.4.1 Different Doping Synthesis Strategies 300
7.4.2 ORR Activity in Different Carbon Source 303
7.4.2.1 1D Carbon Nanotube Doped 303
7.4.2.2 2D Graphene 306
7.4.3 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 308
References 310
8 Study of Phosphate Polyanion Electrodes and Their Performance with Glassy Electrolytes: Potential Application in Lithium Ion Solid-state Batteries 321
S. Terny and M.A. Frechero
8.1 Introduction 321
8.2 Glass Samples Preparation 323
8.3 Nanostructured Composites Sample Preparation 324
8.4 X-Ray Powder Diffraction 325
8.4.1 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Glassy Materials 325
8.4.2 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Composites Materials 326
8.5 Thermal Analysis 326
8.5.1 Thermal Analysis of Glassy Systems 326
8.5.2 Thermal Analysis of Nanocomposites Materials 329
8.6 Density and Appearance 330
8.6.1 Density and Oxygen Packing Density of Glassy Materials 330
8.6.2 Materials' Appearance 331
8.6.2.1 Glasses 331
8.6.2.2 Nanostructured Composites 332
8.7 Structural Features 332
8.7.1 Glassy Materials 332
8.7.1.1 FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy 334
8.7.2 Nanocomposites Materials 337
8.8 Electrical Behavior 342
8.8.1 Glasses Materials 342
8.8.2 Composite Materials 347
8.9 All-solid-state Lithium Ion Battery 349
8.10 Final Remarks 350
Acknowledgments 352
References 352
9 Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposites as Promising Electrode Materials for Lithium Batteries 355
O.Yu. Posudievsky, O.A. Kozarenko, V.G. Koshechko and V.D. Pokhodenko
9.1 Introduction 356
9.2 Electrode Materials of Lithium Batteries Based on Conducting Polymer-based Nanocomposites Prepared by Chemical and Electrochemical Methods 357
9.2.1 Host-Guest Hybrid Nanocomposites 357
9.2.2 Core-Shell Hybrid Nanocomposites 361
9.3 Mechanochemical Preparation of Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposites as Electrode Materials of Lithium Batteries 368
9.3.1 Principle of Mechanochemical Synthesis 368
9.3.2 Mechanochemically Prepared Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials for Lithium Batteries 370
9.4 Conclusion 384
References 385
10 Energy Applications: Fuel Cells 397
Mutlu Sonmez Çelebi
10.1 Introduction 398
10.2 Catalyst Supports for Fuel Cell Electrodes 399
10.2.1 Commercial Carbon Supports 399
10.2.2 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Supports 401
10.2.3 Graphene Supports 403
10.2.4 Mesoporous Carbon Supports 405
10.2.5 Other Carbon Supports 406
10.2.6 Conducting Polymer Supports 408
10.2.7 Hybrid Supports 410
10.2.8 Non-carbon Supports 411
References 421
11 Novel Photoelectrocatalytic Electrodes Materials for Fuel Cell Reactions 435
Mingshan Zhu, Chunyang Zhai and Cheng Lu
11.1 Introduction 435
11.2 Basic Understanding on the Improved Catalytic Performance of Photo-Responsive Metal/ Semiconductor Electrodes 438
11.3 Synthetic Methods for Metal/Semiconductor Electrodes 440
11.3.1 Electrochemical Deposition 441
11.3.2 Chemical Reduction Method 442
11.3.3 Physical Mixing Method 443
11.3.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 444
11.3.5 Microwave-assisted Method 445
11.3.6 Other Preparation Methods 445
11.4 Photo-responsive Metal/Semiconductor Anode Catalysts 446
11.4.1 TiO2 Nanoparticles 446
11.4.2 One-dimensional Well-aligned TiO2 Nanotube Arrays 448
11.4.3 Other Semiconductor Supports 450
11.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook 452
References 453
12 Advanced Nanomaterials for the Design and Construction of Anode for Microbial Fuel Cells 457
Ming Zhou, Lu Bai and Chaokang Gu
12.1 Introduction 457
12.2 Carbon Nanotubes-based Anode Materials for MFCs 459
12.3 Graphene-based Anode Materials for MFCs 466
12.4 Other Anode Materials for MFCs 470
12.5 Conclusions 474
Acknowledgments 475
References 475
13 Conducting Polymer-based Electrochemical DNA Biosensing 485
Filiz Kuralay
13.1 Introduction 486
13.2 Electrochemical DNA Biosensors 487
13.3 Conducting Polymer-based Electrochemical DNA Biosensors 489
13.4 Conclusions and Outlook 493
Acknowledgments 494
References 494
