Adaptronics and Smart Structures

Basics, Materials, Design, and Applications

By: Hartmut Janocha (Editor)

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Hardcover | 1 October 2007 | Edition Number 2

At a Glance

Hardcover
564 Pages

Edition Type
Revised

Dimensions(cm)
23.5 x 16.51 x 2.54

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Adaptronic structures and systems can adapt automatically to variable operating and environmental conditions through the use of feedback control. But in contrast to conventional control loops, in which each function is fulfilled by a separate component, adaptronics is characterized by multifunctional components that are preferably integrated into the structure or the system. The goal is a lightweight and simple construction for conserving material and energy resources. The authors of this book have taken on the task of displaying the current state of the art in this highly modern and strongly interdisciplinary field. Selected application examples are also presented and current development trends demonstrated.

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Adaptronics: A Concept for the Development of Adaptive and Multifunctional Structures	p. 1
What is Adaptronics?	p. 1
Examples of Adaptronic Systems	p. 1
Multifunctional Elements	p. 4
Fields of Technology and Application	p. 4
Historical Review	p. 6
References	p. 8
Concepts of Adaptronic Structures	p. 9
What are Adaptronic Structures?	p. 9
Construction of Adaptronic Structures	p. 12
Artificial Muscles: Actuators	p. 13
Artificial Nerves: Sensors	p. 14
Intelligence: Signal Processing, Communication, and Controls	p. 16
Adaptive Algorithms for Smart Structures Control	p. 17
Application Examples	p. 18
Solid State Actuation and Morphing Structures	p. 18
Structural Health Monitoring and Self-Repairing Structures	p. 22
Future Adaptronic Structures	p. 26
References	p. 27
Multifunctional Materials: The Basis for Adaptronics	p. 29
What are Functional Materials?	p. 29
Basic Principles of Functional Materials	p. 30
Phase Transitions and Anomalies	p. 31
Microscopic, Mesoscopic, Macroscopic Phenomena and Symmetries	p. 33
Energy Conversion	p. 37
Examples of Functional Materials	p. 40
Thermal Responsive Materials	p. 40
Materials Responsive to Electric, Magnetic and Stress Fields	p. 42
Increased Functionality Through Material Engineering	p. 45
Morphotropic Phase Boundary	p. 46
Domain Engineering	p. 48
Functional Composites	p. 49
Summary	p. 51
References	p. 52
Controllers in Adaptronics	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Description of the Test Articles	p. 57
Conventional Model-Reference Adaptive Control Techniques	p. 58
Experimental Results	p. 59
Adaptive Control Using Neural Networks	p. 61
Neural Network-Based Model Reference Adaptive Control	p. 61
Neural Network-Based Optimizing Controller With On-Line Adaptation	p. 65
Robust Controllers for Structural Systems	p. 69
Uncertainty Modeling	p. 70
Robust Control Design Methods	p. 71
Summary	p. 72
References	p. 73
Simulation of Adaptronic Systems	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
Related Elements of System Theory	p. 75
Linear and Nonlinear Systems	p. 75
State-Space Representation	p. 76
Controllability and Observability	p. 77
Stability	p. 78
Alternative System Representations	p. 78
Modelling of Adaptronic Structures	p. 79
Basic Equations of Structural Mechanics	p. 79
Constitutive Laws of Smart Materials	p. 80
Finite Element Modelling	p. 81
Equations of Motion	p. 82
Sensor Equations	p. 83
Model Reduction Techniques	p. 83
Analysis of Adaptronic Systems and Structures	p. 84
Stability Analysis	p. 84
Spillover	p. 85
Numerical Time Integration	p. 85
Application Example	p. 86
Optimization of Adaptronic Systems	p. 89
Problem Statements	p. 89
Solution Techniques	p. 90
Software Tools for Adaptronic Structure Simulation	p. 91
Solution Techniques	p. 91
Control Design and Simulation Tools	p. 91
System Identification Tools	p. 92
References	p. 92
Actuators in Adaptronics
The Role of Actuators in Adaptronic Systems	p. 95
What is an Actuator?	p. 95
Actuator as a System Component	p. 97
Power Electronics	p. 100
'Intelligent' and Self-Sensing Actuators	p. 101
Actuator Design	p. 104
Piezoelectric Actuators	p. 107
Physical Effect	p. 107
Materials	p. 108
Design of Piezoelectric Transducers	p. 111
Piezoelectric Transducer With Displacement Amplification	p. 114
Piezoelectric Motors	p. 115
Limitations of Piezoelectric Actuators	p. 118
Example Applications of Piezoelectric Actuator Used in Adaptronics	p. 119
Energy Harvesting Application Using Piezoelectric Actuators	p. 124
Outlook	p. 124
Magnetostrictive Actuators	p. 126
Theory of Magnetostriction in Magnetostrictive Devices	p. 127
Principles and Properties of Various Applications	p. 135
Summary	p. 145
Acknowledgement	p. 145
Shape Memory Actuators	p. 145
Properties of Shape Memory Alloys	p. 146
Electrical Shape Memory Actuators	p. 152
Perspectives for Shape Memory Actuators	p. 157
Innovative Application Examples	p. 159
Conclusion	p. 163
Electrorheological Fluid Actuators	p. 163
Particulate Fluids	p. 163
Limitations to the Concept of Particulate Electrorheological Fluids	p. 174
Future Aims and Present Problems	p. 180
Summary of Advantages of Particulate ER Fluids	p. 182
Homogenous ERF	p. 182
Other ER Fluids	p. 183
Magnetorheological Fluid Actuators	p. 184
Description of MR Fluids	p. 185
Advantages and Concerns	p. 186
MR Fluid Devices	p. 189
Basic MR Device Design Considerations	p. 192
Examples of MR Devices and Systems	p. 196
Conclusion	p. 204
Electroactive Polymer Actuators	p. 204
Introduction	p. 204
Polyelectrolyte Gels (PG)	p. 205
Ion-Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC)	p. 208
Conducting Polymers (CP)	p. 210
Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)	p. 216
Dielectric Elastomers (DE)	p. 217
Electroactive Polymers as Sensors	p. 220
Final Remarks and Conclusions	p. 224
Microactuators	p. 225
Introduction	p. 225
Driving Mechanisms, Scaling Laws, and Materials	p. 226
Microfluidic Systems and Components	p. 232
Actuators in Microoptical Systems	p. 239
Microdrives	p. 241
Conclusion and Outlook	p. 244
Self-Sensing Solid-State Actuators	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
Solid-State Actuators	p. 247
Self-Sensing Model for Solid-State Actuators	p. 252
Concept of Self-Sensing Solid-State Actuators	p. 254
Modeling Hierarchy of Self-Sensing Actuators	p. 257
Application Example: 1-DOF Piezoelectric Positioning System	p. 262
Conclusion	p. 265
Power Amplifiers for Unconventional Actuators	p. 265
General Information About Power Electronics	p. 266
Power Electronics for Piezo Actuators and Actuators with Electrorheological Fluids	p. 273
Power Electronics for Magnetostrictive Actuators and Actuators with Magnetorheological Fluids	p. 279
How to Proceed When Choosing an Amplifier Concept	p. 280
References	p. 282
Sensors in Adaptronics
Advances in Intelligent Sensors	p. 301
Introduction	p. 301
Primary Sensor Defects	p. 302
Hardware Structures	p. 304
Software Processes	p. 307
Case in Point: Load Cell	p. 311
The Impact of ASICs	p. 312
Reconfigurable Systems	p. 313
Communications	p. 315
Trends	p. 318
Fiber Optic Sensors	p. 319
Introduction	p. 319
Basic Principle of Operation	p. 320
Commonly Used Sensor Types for Deformation Measurement	p. 322
Fiber Sensors for Physical and Chemical Parameters	p. 332
Particular Aspects of Sensor Application	p. 333
Application Examples	p. 335
Research Tasks and Future Prospects	p. 341
Piezoelectric Sensors	p. 342
Introduction	p. 342
Sensor Relevant Physical Quantities	p. 344
Materials and Designs	p. 347
Passive and Active Piezo Sensors	p. 354
Piezo Sensors as Integral Components of Structures	p. 360
Sensory Structures	p. 361
Adaptive Structures	p. 362
References	p. 364
Adaptronic Systems in Engineering
Adaptronic Systems in Aeronautics and Space Travel	p. 371
Implications and Initiatives	p. 371
Structural Health Monitoring	p. 374
Shape Control and Active Flow	p. 377
Damping of Vibration and Noise	p. 385
Smart Skins	p. 391
Control	p. 392
Systems	p. 392
Adaptronic Systems in Automobiles	p. 394
Preamble	p. 394
AVC/ASAC Project Examples	p. 396
Current Research Topics for Automotive Smart Structures	p. 403
Summary and Outlook	p. 408
Adaptronic Systems in Machine and Plant Construction	p. 412
Grinding Machines	p. 413
Milling and Turning Machines	p. 417
Deep Drilling Tools	p. 422
Adaptronic Machine Components	p. 423
Conclusion	p. 428
Adaptronics in Civil Engineering Structures	p. 428
State of the Art for Active Control of Civil Engineering Structures	p. 430
The Second Generation of Active Control	p. 436
Application of Active Control from Practical Engineering Aspects	p. 437
Results of Experimental and Pull-Scale Tests (in Japan and the U.S.)	p. 438
Conclusions	p. 442
Adaptronic Vibration Absorbers for Ropeway Gondolas	p. 443
Dynamic Vibration Absorbers	p. 444
Dynamic Vibration Absorbers for Gondola	p. 446
Gyroscopic Moment Absorber for Gondola	p. 452
Conclusions and Outlook on Future Research	p. 456
References	p. 456
Adaptronic Systems in Biology and Medicine
The Muscle as a Biological Universal Actuator in the Animal Kingdom	p. 469
Principles of Construction and Function	p. 470
Analogies to Muscle Function and Fine Structure	p. 472
Muscle Contraction	p. 473
Aspects of Muscle Mechanics	p. 476
Principal Types of Motion Achievable by a Muscle and its Antagonists	p. 479
Force and Position of Muscular Levers	p. 482
Cooperation of Unequal Actuators	p. 484
Muscles as Actuators in Controlled Systems	p. 486
Control Loops in Biology: Similarities Within Biology and Engineering	p. 490
Adaptronic Systems in Medicine and Medical Technology	p. 491
Introduction	p. 491
Adaptive Implants	p. 493
Adaptive Diagnostic Systems	p. 500
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 502
References	p. 503
Future Perspectives: Opportunities, Risks and Requirements in Adaptronics	p. 507
What's in a Name?	p. 507
Where Could Adaptronics Contribute: the Future?	p. 510
But it is More Than Technology	p. 512
Educating the Public	p. 514
The International Dimension: And Musings on Technology Transfer	p. 515
And What About Technology?	p. 516
Some Concluding Thoughts	p. 517
Index	p. 521
About the Authors	p. 535
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Adaptronics and Smart Structures

Basics, Materials, Design, and Applications

At a Glance

Hardcover

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How to return your order

Defective items

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