| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
| Radar Fundamentals | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Maximum Detection Range | p. 1 |
| Conceptual System Implementation | p. 3 |
| System Performance Equations | p. 4 |
| Probability of Target Detection | p. 7 |
| Data Processor Tracking Constraints | p. 9 |
| Range Ambiguity | p. 10 |
| Detection of Targets in Clutter by Doppler Processing | p. 11 |
| Delay Line Canceller | p. 13 |
| Doppler Filter Bank | p. 15 |
| Noncoherent Summing | p. 16 |
| Operational Environments | p. 19 |
| Introduction | p. 19 |
| Thermal Noise | p. 19 |
| Clutter | p. 20 |
| Receiving Antenna Characteristics | p. 20 |
| Jamming Noise | p. 21 |
| False Target Jamming (Pulse Jamming) | p. 22 |
| Combined Environments | p. 22 |
| Quantitative Environmental Considerations | p. 22 |
| Ground Clutter | p. 23 |
| Weather Clutter | p. 25 |
| Noise Jamming | p. 26 |
| Target Characteristics and Detection Probability | p. 26 |
| Nonadaptive (Conventional) Receiving Antennas | p. 29 |
| Introduction | p. 29 |
| Linear Arrays | p. 29 |
| Array Factor | p. 30 |
| Beam Steering | p. 33 |
| Sidelobe Reduction Weighting | p. 34 |
| Effect of Weighting Errors | p. 36 |
| Planar Arrays | p. 38 |
| Reflector Antennas | p. 39 |
| Sidelobe Canceller (SLC) | p. 41 |
| Introduction | p. 41 |
| Sidelobe Cancellation Concept | p. 42 |
| Residue Power Minimization | p. 44 |
| Cancellation Degradation Effects | p. 46 |
| Propagation Delay Effect on Cancellation | p. 46 |
| Channel Mismatch Effect on Jammer Cancellation | p. 50 |
| Multiple-Sidelobe Canceller (MSLC) | p. 55 |
| Introduction | p. 55 |
| MSLC Concept | p. 55 |
| Minimum Required Number of Auxiliary Antennas | p. 57 |
| Two-Jammer Cancellation Performance as a Function of Number and Spacing of Auxiliary Antennas | p. 58 |
| Two Auxiliary Antennas | p. 58 |
| Four Auxiliary Antennas | p. 62 |
| Residue Minimization | p. 65 |
| Optimum Weights Derivation | p. 65 |
| Simplified Examples of Optimum Weight Vector Performance | p. 70 |
| Thermal-Noise Environment | p. 71 |
| Single Narrowband Jammer | p. 71 |
| Multiple Orthogonal Direction Vector Jammers | p. 72 |
| Nonzero Bandwidth Jammers | p. 74 |
| Optimum Weight Vector Performance | p. 75 |
| Performance Results | p. 76 |
| Optimum MSLC Weight Vector Estimation | p. 87 |
| Introduction | p. 87 |
| Analog Implementation of the LMS Algorithm | p. 88 |
| Multiplication by Mixing and Filtering | p. 88 |
| Residue-Auxiliary Correlation | p. 90 |
| MSLC Weight Computation Using LMS Algorithm | p. 90 |
| MSLC Weight Computation Using LMS Algorithm with Hard Limiter | p. 94 |
| Weight Computation for Single Auxiliary System Using Normalized LMS Algorithm (NLMS) | p. 96 |
| Digital Implementation of the LMS Algorithms | p. 97 |
| MSLC Digital LMS Algorithm | p. 97 |
| Digital LMS Single-Auxiliary Analysis | p. 98 |
| Single-Auxiliary Analysis of Digital LMS Algorithm with Hard Limiting | p. 100 |
| Single-Auxiliary Analysis of Digital NLMS Algorithm | p. 101 |
| Additional Residue Power due to Weight Noise for Single Auxiliary Systems | p. 101 |
| LMS Algorithm | p. 102 |
| LMS Algorithm with Limiter | p. 104 |
| NLMS Algorithm | p. 105 |
| Multiple Auxiliary Antenna Algorithm Analysis | p. 107 |
| Introduction | p. 107 |
| LMS Algorithm | p. 107 |
| MSLC LMS Convergence Analysis | p. 108 |
| Eigenvector Review | p. 108 |
| Decoupled MSLC LMS Convergence Equations | p. 111 |
| LMS Algorithm Convergence Example | p. 113 |
| Additional LMS Algorithm Convergence Examples | p. 119 |
| Normalized LMS Algorithm | p. 124 |
| Preferred NLMS Algorithm Derivations | p. 125 |
| Gradient Descent Equation Solutions and NLMS | p. 127 |
| NLMS Algorithm Convergence Analysis | p. 129 |
| Multiple Antenna NLMS Convergence Analysis | p. 137 |
| Additional NLMS Algorithm Convergence Examples | p. 138 |
| LMS Algorithm Weight Noise | p. 142 |
| Thermal-Noise Environment | p. 144 |
| Jammer Environment | p. 145 |
| Detailed Analysis of LMS Weight Noise | p. 146 |
| LMS Algorithm Weight Noise Dependence on Eigenvalue Distribution | p. 150 |
| NLMS Algorithm Weight Noise | p. 151 |
| Thermal-Noise Environment | p. 152 |
| Jammers Environment | p. 154 |
| Comparison of NLMS and LMS Convergence Characteristics | p. 155 |
| Detailed Analysis of NLMS Weight Noise | p. 158 |
| Sidelobe Blanking | p. 161 |
| Fundamental Sidelobe Blanker Analysis | p. 162 |
| Output Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise (SINR) Maximization Criterion | p. 167 |
| Introduction | p. 167 |
| SINR Maximization Criterion Derivation | p. 167 |
| Lagrangian Multiplier Derivation | p. 168 |
| Covariance Matrix Decomposition Derivation | p. 169 |
| Square Root Matrix | p. 169 |
| SINR Maximization via Square Root Matrix | p. 170 |
| Performance Example | p. 171 |
| Similarity of the Residue Minimization and SINR Maximization Criteria | p. 172 |
| Performance Examples Analysis | p. 173 |
| Thermal-Noise Environment | p. 173 |
| Single Narrowband Jammer | p. 174 |
| Additional Environments | p. 175 |
| Adaptive Array Architectures | p. 175 |
| Element-Based Partial Adaptivity | p. 175 |
| Beam-Based Architecture | p. 179 |
| Algorithms | p. 180 |
| LMS Algorithm | p. 181 |
| Direct Matrix Estimation or Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI) Algorithm | p. 181 |
| Maximum Likelihood Estimation of a Covariance Matrix for Gaussian Statistics | p. 182 |
| Computational Procedures | p. 187 |
| LMS Formulation for Non-Gaussian Statistics | p. 194 |
| Implementation Issues | p. 195 |
| SMI Performance Analysis | p. 197 |
| Constant False-Alarm Rate (CFAR) Processors | p. 203 |
| Introduction | p. 203 |
| CFAR Concept | p. 204 |
| Cell-Averaging CFAR (CACFAR) | p. 206 |
| Performance Analysis of Cell-Averaging CFAR (CACFAR) Processor | p. 207 |
| CFAR Loss of the CACFAR Technique in Homogeneous Environments | p. 213 |
| Nonhomogeneous Environments | p. 215 |
| CACFAR Performance in Mismatched Environments | p. 216 |
| Mismatched Environment Analysis | p. 216 |
| Mismatched Environment Example | p. 218 |
| Ramp CFAR Techniques Environment | p. 221 |
| Performance Analysis of Geometric Mean Normalizer | p. 224 |
| Step Function Environment CFAR Tecniques | p. 226 |
| GOCFAR Performance Analysis for Homogeneous Environments | p. 227 |
| Mulitple-Target CFAR Techniques | p. 229 |
| Multiple-Target Effect on CACFAR | p. 229 |
| Censored CACFAR Performance Analysis in Homogeneous Environments | p. 231 |
| Performance Evaluation of the Order Statistic CFAR in Homogeneous Environments | p. 233 |
| Clutter-Map CFAR | p. 233 |
| Sea and Weather Clutter CFAR Techniques | p. 236 |
| Log-Normal Clutter CFAR | p. 238 |
| Composite Clutter Model | p. 239 |
| Multiple-Carrier-Frequency CFAR Techniques | p. 240 |
| Nonfluctuating Target Analysis | p. 243 |
| Swerling 2 Target Analysis | p. 245 |
| Hierarchal CFAR Techniques | p. 245 |
| Hierarchal CFAR Analysis | p. 248 |
| Implementation Effects on CFAR Techniques | p. 249 |
| Effect of Correlated Reference Cells | p. 250 |
| Analysis of Correlated Reference Cells | p. 250 |
| Additional CFAR Loss due to Magnitude Detection | p. 251 |
| CFAR Technique Summary | p. 252 |
| Target Detection in Clutter-plus-Noise Environments | p. 253 |
| Introduction | p. 253 |
| Clutter Discriminants | p. 254 |
| Definition of Parameters for Ground and Sea Clutter | p. 256 |
| Sea Clutter | p. 257 |
| Ground Clutter | p. 260 |
| Weather Clutter | p. 260 |
| Doppler Filtering Techniques | p. 262 |
| MTI Delay Line Cancellers | p. 262 |
| Doppler Filter Banks | p. 268 |
| Optimum Doppler Filter Weights | p. 272 |
| Approximate Performance of Nonadaptive and Adaptive Doppler Weighting | p. 275 |
| Optimum Doppler Filter Weights--Equation Details | p. 275 |
| Relative Performance of Nonadaptive and Adaptive Doppler Filters | p. 277 |
| MTI Implementation Details and MTD | p. 281 |
| Combined CFAR-SMI Algorithm | p. 286 |
| Application of Modern Spectral Estimation Techniques to Doppler Processing | p. 289 |
| Introduction | p. 289 |
| Maximum Entropy Spectral Estimation | p. 290 |
| Theoretical Mismatch Loss | p. 291 |
| Estimation Loss | p. 293 |
| MEM Estimation Equations | p. 296 |
| Operations Count Implementation Considerations | p. 298 |
| Index | p. 303 |
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