| Preface | p. x |
| Acknowledgments | p. x |
| Contributors | p. xi |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| An Initial Exploration of Time Domain Phenomena | p. 1 |
| The Infinite-Length Wire Antenna | p. 2 |
| The Finite-Length Wire Antenna | p. 4 |
| The Finite-Length Wire Scatterer | p. 7 |
| Late-Time Radiation from an Impulsively Excited Perfect Conductor | p. 9 |
| Some Special Capabilities of Time Domain Models | p. 10 |
| Modeling Chocies in CEM | p. 11 |
| Why Model in the Time Domain? | p. 13 |
| Evolution of Time Domain Modeling | p. 13 |
| Some General References | p. 14 |
| General Aspects of Time Domain Modeling | p. 15 |
| Model Development | p. 15 |
| Explicit vs Implicit Solution | p. 15 |
| Excitation Requirements | p. 16 |
| TD Solution | p. 16 |
| Time Domain Integral Equation Modeling | p. 17 |
| Some Representative TDIEs | p. 17 |
| A Prototype TDIE Model | p. 18 |
| Alternate Forms for a TDIE Solution | p. 19 |
| Excitation of a TDIE Model | p. 20 |
| Physical Implication of a TDIE Explicit Model | p. 21 |
| A Near-Neighbor TD Approximation | p. 22 |
| Time Domain Differential Equation Modeling | p. 23 |
| Space-Time Sampling of TDDE | p. 23 |
| Some Spatial-Mesh Alternatives | p. 25 |
| Mesh Closure Conditions | p. 28 |
| Handling Small Features in DE Models | p. 31 |
| Obtaining Far Fields from DE Models | p. 32 |
| Variations of TDDE Models | p. 32 |
| Comparison of TDDE and TDIE Models | p. 33 |
| Specific Issues Related to Time Domain Modeling | p. 35 |
| Increasing the Stability of the Time-Stepping Solution | p. 35 |
| Exploiting EM Singularities | p. 36 |
| Signal Processing as a Part of TD Modeling | p. 36 |
| Total-Field and Scattered-Field Formulations | p. 38 |
| Handling Frequency Dispersion and Loading in TD Models | p. 38 |
| Handling Medium and Component Nonlinearities or Time Variations in TD Models | p. 39 |
| Hybrid TD Models | p. 40 |
| The Concept of Pseudo-Time in Iterative FD Solutions | p. 41 |
| Exploiting Symmetries in TD Modeling | p. 41 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 42 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 42 |
| Bibliography | p. 42 |
| Wire Structures: TDIE Solution | p. 49 |
| Basic Analysis | p. 50 |
| Analysis of a Straight Wire | p. 52 |
| Method of Moments Solution | p. 53 |
| Conjugate Gradient Method Solution | p. 55 |
| Numerical Example | p. 57 |
| Analysis of an Arbitrary Wire | p. 57 |
| Moment Method Solution | p. 59 |
| Conjugate Gradient Method | p. 62 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 63 |
| Implicit Solution Scheme | p. 65 |
| Application to Arbitrary Wire | p. 66 |
| Numerical Implementation | p. 66 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 68 |
| Analysis of Multiple Wires and Wire Junctions | p. 70 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 72 |
| Bibliography | p. 72 |
| Infinite Conducting Cylinders: TDIE Solution | p. 75 |
| Integral Equation Formulation | p. 76 |
| Discretization Scheme | p. 77 |
| TM Incidence: EFIE Formulation | p. 79 |
| Explicit Solution Procedure | p. 79 |
| Implicit Solution Procedure | p. 81 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 82 |
| TE Incidence: EFIE Formulation | p. 85 |
| Explicit Solution Procedure | p. 85 |
| Implicit Solution Procedure | p. 88 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 89 |
| TE Incidence: HFIE Formulation | p. 91 |
| Explicit Solution Procedure | p. 91 |
| Implicit Solution Procedure | p. 93 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 93 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 94 |
| Bibliography | p. 95 |
| Finite Conducting Bodies: TDIE Solution | p. 97 |
| Integral Equation Formulation | p. 97 |
| Numerical Solution Scheme | p. 99 |
| Explicit Numerical Method | p. 101 |
| Implicit Numerical Method | p. 104 |
| Efficiency Considerations | p. 106 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 107 |
| Far-Scattered Fields | p. 111 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 112 |
| Near-Scattered Fields | p. 115 |
| Extrapolation of Time Domain Response | p. 118 |
| Matrix Pencil Method | p. 120 |
| Total Least Squares Matrix Pencil | p. 122 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 123 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 128 |
| Bibliography | p. 128 |
| Dielectric Bodies: TDIE Solution | p. 131 |
| Integral Equation Formulation | p. 131 |
| Two-Dimensional Cylinders | p. 134 |
| Numerical Solution Procedure | p. 135 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 138 |
| Three-Dimensional Bodies | p. 140 |
| Numerical Solution Procedure | p. 140 |
| Far-Scattered Fields | p. 144 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 146 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 147 |
| Bibliography | p. 149 |
| Finite-Difference Time Domain Method | p. 151 |
| Introduction to FDTD | p. 151 |
| Pulse Propagation in a Lossy, Inhomogeneous, Layered Medium | p. 153 |
| Propagation of Half-Sine Pulse | p. 159 |
| Remote Sensing of Inhomogeneous, Lossy, Layered Media | p. 164 |
| Profile Inversion Results | p. 166 |
| Key Elements of FDTD Modeling Theory | p. 168 |
| FDTD Formulation for Two-Dimensional Closed-Region Problems | p. 171 |
| FDTD Formulation for TM and TE Cases | p. 172 |
| Hollow Rectangular Waveguide | p. 176 |
| Dielectric Slab-Loaded Rectangular Waveguide | p. 181 |
| Shielded Microstrip Lines | p. 183 |
| FDTD Formulation for Two-Dimensional Open-Region Problems | p. 184 |
| Absorbing Radiation Boundary Condition | p. 186 |
| Second-Order Radiation Boundary Condition | p. 187 |
| Plane Wave Source Condition | p. 191 |
| Near- to Far-Field Transformation | p. 195 |
| FDTD Modeling of Curved Surfaces | p. 199 |
| Perfectly Conducting Object: The TE Case | p. 200 |
| Perfectly Conducting Object: The TM Case | p. 204 |
| Homogeneous Dielectric Object: The TE Case | p. 206 |
| FDTD Formulation for Three-Dimensional Closed-Region Problems | p. 209 |
| Three-Dimensional Full-Wave Analysis | p. 210 |
| Compact Two-Dimensional FDTD Algorithm | p. 214 |
| Evaluation of Dispersion Characteristics | p. 219 |
| FDTD Formulation for Three-Dimensional Open-Region Problems | p. 221 |
| Second-Order Radiation Boundary Condition | p. 222 |
| Three-Dimensional Plane Wave Source Condition | p. 226 |
| Near- to Far-Field Transformation for the Three-Dimensional Case | p. 229 |
| RCS of a Flat-Plate Scatterer | p. 231 |
| Computer Resources and Modeling Implications | p. 232 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 233 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 234 |
| Bibliography | p. 234 |
| Transmission Line Modeling Method | p. 237 |
| The Two-Dimensional TLM | p. 238 |
| Time Domain Wave Equation | p. 238 |
| Time Domain Transmission Line Equation | p. 239 |
| Equating Maxwell's and the Circuit Equations | p. 242 |
| General Scattering Matrix Theory | p. 243 |
| Applying Scattering Theory to the Free-Space Shunt T-Line | p. 244 |
| Modeling Inhomogeneous Lossy Media | p. 246 |
| Excitation of the TLM Mesh and Metallic Boundaries | p. 248 |
| TLM Mesh Truncation Conditions | p. 250 |
| Discretization of the TLM Spatial Grid | p. 253 |
| TLM Output | p. 256 |
| The Series Node and Duality | p. 258 |
| Outline of the Algorithm for Two-Dimensional TLM Code | p. 260 |
| Three-Dimensional TLM | p. 261 |
| Special Features in TLM | p. 266 |
| Frequency-Dependent Material | p. 266 |
| Alternative Meshing Schemes | p. 267 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 269 |
| Antenna Array | p. 269 |
| Electromagnetic Scattering | p. 272 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 273 |
| Bibliography | p. 274 |
| Finite-Element Time Domain Method | p. 279 |
| Introduction | p. 279 |
| Incident Field | p. 281 |
| Transverse Magnetic Case | p. 282 |
| Formulation | p. 283 |
| Finite-Element Procedure | p. 286 |
| Time-Stepping Procedure | p. 288 |
| Numerical Results | p. 290 |
| Transverse Electric Case | p. 295 |
| Formulation | p. 296 |
| Finite-Element Procedure | p. 298 |
| Time-Stepping Procedure | p. 299 |
| Numerical Results | p. 300 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 304 |
| Bibliography | p. 305 |
| Finite-Volume Time Domain Method | p. 307 |
| Maxwell's Equations as a Hyperbolic Conservative System | p. 308 |
| The Conservative Form of Maxwell's Equations | p. 310 |
| Characteristics and Wavefront Propagation | p. 312 |
| An Elementary Form of the Finite-Volume Method | p. 314 |
| Finite-Volume Discretization of Maxwell's Equations | p. 319 |
| Spatial Discretizations | p. 319 |
| Temporal Discretization | p. 331 |
| Consistency and Stability | p. 333 |
| Hybridization of the FVTD Method with Other Models and Methods | p. 338 |
| Thin-Wire Models in the FVTD Method | p. 339 |
| Hybridization of the FVTD and the FDTD Methods | p. 344 |
| Another Approach of the Finite-Volume Approach | p. 350 |
| Numerical Examples | p. 357 |
| Dielectric Structures | p. 357 |
| Thin Screens with Finite Conductivity | p. 359 |
| Thin Wires | p. 361 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 363 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 365 |
| Bibliography | p. 365 |
| Index | p. 369 |
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