A-Level Chemistry Flash Notes AQA Year 1 & AS

Unit 1 - Physical Chemistry 7

1.1 Atomic Structure 7 Basic Definitions 7 Electron Configuration 9 1.2 Amount of Substance 11 Mole & Molar Gas Volume 11 Empirical and Molecular Formulae 13 Water of Crystallisation 15 Mole Equations - Calculate Masses & Percentage Yield 17 Atom Economy & Concentrations 19 1.3 Bonding 21 Ionic and Covalent Compounds and Bonds 21 Shapes of Molecules I 23 Shapes of Molecules II 25 Electronegativity 27 Giant & Simple Covalent Structures & Crystal Structures 29 Metallic Bonding 31 Intermolecular Forces 33 1.4 Energetics 35 Enthalpy Changes - Definitions & Bond Enthalpies 35 Calorimeter 37 Example Calculation - Neutralisation 39 Hess's Law 41 1.5 Kinetics 43 Rates of Reactions 43 Catalyst 45 Enthalpy Profile Diagram & Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 47 1.6 Equilibria 49 Equilibrium and Reversible Reactions 49 Equilibrium Concentrations Calculation 51 1.7 Redox Reactions 53 Redox Reactions - Oxidation States & Disproportionation 53 Balancing Redox Equations 55 Two Main Types of Inorganic Reactions & Ionic Equations 57



Unit 2 - Inorganic Chemistry 59

2.1 Periodicity 59 Periodic Table & Periodic Trends 59 Ionisation Energy 61 2.2 Group 2 The Alkaline Earth Metals 63 Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals 63 2.3 Group 7 The Halogens 65 Group 7 Halogens & Water Treatment 65 Halides 67 Test for Ions & Displacement Reaction & Solubility 69 List of Anions & Naming Salts 71 2.4 - Investigative and Practical Skills 73 Accuracy and Reliability & Percentage of Uncertainty 73 Acids & Bases 75 Acids and Bases Preparation & Preparing a Standard Solution 77 Titrations 79



Unit 3 - Organic Chemistry 81

3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 81 Naming Rules & Types of Organic Formulae 81 Functional Groups 83 Three Main Types of Organic Reactions and Mechanisms 85 Types of Isomers 87 3.2 Alkanes 89 Alkanes & Terms 89 Crude Oil - Fuel & Greenhouse Effect 91 3.3 Haloalkanes 93 Radical Substitution in Alkanes 93 Ozone Layer and CFCs 95 Haloalkanes 97 3.4 Alkenes 99 Alkenes - Reaction with Halogens 99 Alkenes - Addition of Hydrogen Halides 101 Alkenes - Hydration and Fermentation 103 Polymers 105 3.5 Alcohols 107 Alcohols 107 Oxidation of Alcohols & Aldehydes/Ketones 109 3.6 Organic Analysis 111 Mass Spectrometry & IR Spectroscopy 111 Separating funnel 113 Reflux apparatus 115 Distillation Apparatus & Drying with Anhydrous Salts 117

Appendix: Periodic Table of Elements......................................................119