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272 Pages
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| Acknowledgements | p. XI |
| Preface | p. XIII |
| Preface to the 2nd edition | p. XV |
| Basic physical concepts applicable to the isolation of proteins | p. 1 |
| Chapter 1 study questions | p. 11 |
| An overview of protein isolation | p. 13 |
| Why do it? | p. 13 |
| Properties of proteins that influence the methods used in their study | p. 14 |
| The conceptual basis of protein isolation | p. 15 |
| Where to start? | p. 16 |
| When to stop? | p. 17 |
| The purification table | p. 18 |
| Chapter 2 study questions | p. 19 |
| Assay, extraction and subcellular fractionation | p. 20 |
| Buffers | p. 20 |
| Making a buffer | p. 23 |
| Buffers of constant ionic strength | p. 26 |
| Calculating the ionic strength of a buffer | p. 28 |
| Assays for activity | p. 30 |
| Enzyme assays | p. 30 |
| The progress curve | p. 30 |
| The enzyme dilution curve | p. 32 |
| The substrate dilution curve | p. 32 |
| The effect of pH on enzyme activity | p. 33 |
| The effect of temperature on enzyme activity | p. 36 |
| Assay for protein content | p. 36 |
| Absorption of ultraviolet light | p. 37 |
| The biuret assay | p. 38 |
| The Lowry assay | p. 38 |
| The bicinchoninic acid assay | p. 39 |
| The Bradford assay | p. 39 |
| Methods for extraction of proteins | p. 39 |
| Osmotic shock | p. 40 |
| Pestle homogenisers | p. 42 |
| The Waring blendor and Virtis homogeniser | p. 43 |
| The Polytron/Ultra-Turrax-type homogeniser | p. 43 |
| Grinding | p. 44 |
| The Parr bomb | p. 44 |
| Extrusion under high pressure | p. 44 |
| Sonication | p. 45 |
| Enzymic digestion | p. 46 |
| Clarification of the extract | p. 46 |
| Centrifugal subcellular fractionation | p. 46 |
| The centrifuge | p. 46 |
| Principles of centrifugation | p. 47 |
| Sub-cellular fractionation | p. 51 |
| Density gradient centrifugation | p. 53 |
| Chapter 3 study questions | p. 57 |
| Concentration of the extract | p. 58 |
| Freeze drying | p. 58 |
| Theoretical and practical considerations in freeze-drying | p. 59 |
| Some tips on vacuum | p. 63 |
| Dialysis | p. 65 |
| The Donnan membrane effect | p. 67 |
| Counter-current dialysis | p. 68 |
| Concentration by dialysis (concentrative dialysis) | p. 69 |
| Perevaporation | p. 69 |
| Ultrafiltration | p. 70 |
| Desalting or buffer exchange by ultrafiltration | p. 73 |
| Size fractionation by ultrafiltration | p. 73 |
| Concentration/fractionation by salting out | p. 74 |
| Why ammonium sulfate? | p. 74 |
| Empirical observations on protein salting out | p. 77 |
| Three-phase partitioning (TPP) | p. 81 |
| Homogenisation in 30% t-butanol | p. 84 |
| Fractional precipitation with polyethylene glycol | p. 84 |
| Precipitation with organic solvents | p. 85 |
| Dye precipitation | p. 86 |
| Chapter 4 study questions | p. 88 |
| Chromatography | p. 89 |
| Principles of chromatography | p. 89 |
| The effect of particle size | p. 95 |
| The effect of the mobile phase flow rate | p. 97 |
| Linear and volumetric flow rates | p. 98 |
| Equipment required for low pressure liquid chromatography | p. 99 |
| The column | p. 99 |
| Moving the mobile phase | p. 101 |
| Monitoring the effluent and collecting fractions | p. 104 |
| Refrigeration | p. 105 |
| Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) | p. 106 |
| Ion-exhcange "resins" | p. 108 |
| Gradient generators | p. 111 |
| Choosing the pH | p. 113 |
| An ion-exchange chromatography run | p. 114 |
| Chromatofocusing | p. 116 |
| Molecular exclusion chromatography (MEC) | p. 116 |
| The effect of gel sphere size on V[subscript o] | p. 119 |
| The manufacture of small, uniform, gel spheres | p. 121 |
| Determination of MW by MEC | p. 121 |
| Gels used in MEC | p. 123 |
| An MEC run | p. 127 |
| Hydroxyapatite chromatography | p. 128 |
| The mechanism of hydroxyapatite chromatography | p. 128 |
| Affinity chromatography | p. 129 |
| Hydrophobic interaction (HI) chromatography | p. 130 |
| HPLC | p. 131 |
| Concepts and terms relevant to HPLC | p. 132 |
| Stationary phase materials | p. 133 |
| Solvent systems | p. 134 |
| Preparative HPLC | p. 135 |
| Chapter 5 study questions | p. 137 |
| Electrophoresis | p. 139 |
| Principles of electrophoresis | p. 139 |
| The effect of the buffer | p. 144 |
| Boundary (Tiselius) electrophoresis | p. 147 |
| Paper electrophoresis | p. 148 |
| Electroendosmosis | p. 150 |
| Cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis (CAM-E) | p. 151 |
| Agarose gel electrophoresis | p. 152 |
| Starch gel electrophoresis | p. 153 |
| Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) | p. 155 |
| Disc electrophoresis | p. 155 |
| Isotachophoresis | p. 158 |
| SDS-PAGE | p. 160 |
| An SDS-PAGE zymogram for proteinases | p. 161 |
| Pore gradient gel electrophoresis | p. 162 |
| Isoelectric focusing | p. 162 |
| Establishing a pH gradient | p. 164 |
| Control of buoyancy-driven fluid flow | p. 167 |
| Applying the sample and measuring the pH gradient | p. 167 |
| An analytical IEF system | p. 167 |
| Preparative IEF | p. 169 |
| 2-D Electrophoresis | p. 170 |
| Non-linear electrophoresis | p. 170 |
| Chapter 6 study questions | p. 175 |
| Immunological methods | p. 178 |
| The structure of antibodies | p. 178 |
| Antibody production | p. 179 |
| Making an antiserum | p. 182 |
| Monoclonal antibodies | p. 184 |
| Immunoprecipitation | p. 184 |
| Immuno single diffusion | p. 187 |
| Immuno double diffusion | p. 188 |
| Determination of diffusion coefficients | p. 189 |
| Immunoprecipitation methods of historical interest | p. 191 |
| Mancini radial diffusion | p. 191 |
| Ouchterlony double diffusion analysis | p. 192 |
| Immunoelectrophoresis | p. 194 |
| Cross-over electrophoresis | p. 194 |
| Rocket electrophoresis | p. 194 |
| Grabar-Williams immunoelectrophoresis | p. 195 |
| Clarke-Freeman 2-D immunoelectrophoresis | p. 196 |
| Amplification methods | p. 197 |
| Complement fixation | p. 197 |
| Radioimmunoassay (RIA) | p. 199 |
| Enzyme amplification | p. 201 |
| Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | p. 201 |
| Immunoblotting | p. 202 |
| Immunogold labeling with silver amplification | p. 205 |
| Colloid agglutination | p. 205 |
| Chapter 7 study questions | p. 209 |
| Some common practical methods | p. 210 |
| The Bradford dye-binding assay | p. 210 |
| Reagents | p. 210 |
| Procedure | p. 210 |
| Methods for concentrating protein solutions | p. 211 |
| Dialysis against sucrose or PEG | p. 211 |
| SDS/KCl precipitation | p. 211 |
| Reagents | p. 211 |
| Procedure | p. 211 |
| SDS-PAGE | p. 212 |
| Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE | p. 212 |
| Reagents | p. 212 |
| Procedure | p. 214 |
| Tris-tricine SDS-PAGE | p. 215 |
| Reagents | p. 215 |
| Procedure | p. 216 |
| Serva blue G rapid stain | p. 216 |
| Reagents | p. 217 |
| Procedure | p. 217 |
| Silver staining of electrophoretic gels | p. 217 |
| Reagents | p. 217 |
| Procedure | p. 218 |
| Protease zymography | p. 218 |
| Reagents | p. 219 |
| Procedure | p. 219 |
| Western blotting | p. 219 |
| Reagents | p. 220 |
| Procedure | p. 221 |
| Fractionation of IgG and IgY | p. 223 |
| Reagents | p. 223 |
| Isolation of IgG from rabbit serum | p. 223 |
| Isolation of IgY from chicken egg yolk | p. 224 |
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | p. 224 |
| Reagents | p. 225 |
| Procedure | p. 226 |
| Answers to study questions | p. 228 |
| Chapter 1 | p. 228 |
| Chapter 2 | p. 229 |
| Chapter 3 | p. 230 |
| Chapter 4 | p. 231 |
| Chapter 5 | p. 233 |
| Chapter 6 | p. 238 |
| Chapter 7 | p. 241 |
| Further sources of information | p. 243 |
| Index | p. 245 |
| Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9781402012242
ISBN-10: 1402012241
Series: FOCUS ON STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY
Published: 30th April 2003
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 272
Audience: College, Tertiary and University
Publisher: Springer Nature B.V.
Country of Publication: US
Edition Number: 2
Edition Type: Revised
Dimensions (cm): 24.13 x 16.51 x 1.27
Weight (kg): 0.56
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