About the Authors xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
Acronyms xxiii
Part I Introduction 1
1 Evolution of Mobile Networks 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 6G Mobile Communication Networks 5
1.2.1 6G as Envisioned Today 5
1.2.2 6G Development Timeline 6
2 Key Driving Trends Toward 6G 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Expansion of IoT toward IoE 11
2.3 Massive Availability of Small Data 12
2.4 Availability of Self-Sustaining Networks 13
2.5 Convergence of Communications, Computing, Control, Localization, and Sensing (3CLS) 14
2.6 Zero Energy IoT 15
2.7 Advancement of Communication Technologies 16
2.8 Gadget-Free Communication 17
2.9 Increasing Elderly Population 18
3 6G Requirements 21
3.1 6G Requirements/Vision 21
3.2 Further-Enhanced Mobile Broadband (FeMBB) 23
3.2.1 Enabling 6G Applications 23
3.2.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 23
3.3 Ultramassive, Machine-Type Communication 24
3.3.1 Enabling 6G Applications 24
3.3.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 24
3.4 Extremely Reliable Low Latency Communication 25
3.4.1 Enabling 6G Applications 25
3.4.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 26
3.5 Extremely Low Power Communication 26
3.5.1 Enabling 6G Applications 27
3.5.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 27
3.6 Long Distance and High Mobility Communication 27
3.6.1 Enabling 6G Applications 27
3.6.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 27
3.7 High Spectrum Efficiency 28
3.7.1 Enabling 6G Applications 28
3.7.2 Key Enabling 6G Technologies 29
3.8 High Area Traffic Capacity 29
3.8.1 Enabling 6G Applications 29
3.8.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 29
3.9 Mobile Broadband and Low Latency (MBBLL) 29
3.9.1 Enabling 6G Applications 30
3.9.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 30
3.10 Massive Broadband Machine-Type Communications 30
3.10.1 Enabling 6G Applications 31
3.10.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 31
3.11 Massive Low Latency Machine-type Communications (mLLMT) 31
3.11.1 Enabling 6G Applications 32
3.11.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 32
3.12 AI-Assistive Extreme Communications 32
3.12.1 Enabling 6G Applications 32
3.12.2 Enabling 6G Technologies 33
4 Key 6G Technologies 35
4.1 Radio Network Technologies 35
4.1.1 Beyond Sub-6 GHz toward THz Communication 35
4.1.2 Nonterrestrial Networks Toward 3D Networking 37
4.2 AI/ML/FL 39
4.3 DLT/Blockchain 42
4.4 Edge Computing 44
4.5 Quantum Communication 47
4.6 Other New Technologies 49
4.6.1 Visible Light Communications 49
4.6.2 Large Intelligent Surfaces 50
4.6.3 Compressive Sensing 50
4.6.4 Zero-touch Network and Service Management 51
4.6.5 Efficient Energy Transfer and Harvesting 52
Part II Architectural Directions 55
5 6G Architectural Visions 57
5.1 Evolution of Network Architecture 57
5.2 Intelligent Network of Subnetworks 58
5.3 A Greener Intelligent Network 60
5.4 Cybertwin-based Network Architecture 61
6 Zero-Touch Network and Service Management 63
6.1 Introduction 63
6.2 Need of Zero-Touch Network and Service Management 64
6.3 Overview of Zero Touch Network and Service Management 65
6.3.1 ZSM Architecture Principles 65
6.3.2 ZSM Architecture Requirements 66
6.3.2.1 Nonfunctional Requirements 66
6.3.2.2 Functional Requirements 66
6.3.2.3 Security Requirements 67
6.4 ZSM Reference Architecture 68
6.4.1 Components 68
6.4.1.1 Management Services 69
6.4.1.2 Management Functions 70
6.4.1.3 Management Domains 70
6.4.1.4 The E2E Service Management Domain 70
6.4.1.5 Integration Fabric 70
6.4.1.6 Data Services 70
6.4.2 ZSM Interfaces 70
6.4.2.1 Domain Data Collection 70
6.4.2.2 Domain Analytics 71
6.4.2.3 Domain Intelligence 71
6.4.2.4 Domain Orchestration 71
6.4.2.5 Domain Control 71
6.4.2.6 E2E Data Collection 71
6.4.2.7 E2E Analytics 71
6.4.2.8 E2E Intelligence 72
6.4.2.9 E2E Orchestration 72
6.5 Importance of ZSM for 5G and Beyond 72
7 Edge AI 73
7.1 Introduction 73
7.2 Benefits of Edge AI 75
7.3 Why Edge AI Is Important? 76
7.4 Building Blocks for Edge AI 77
7.4.1 Edge Computing 77
7.4.2 Support for Advanced Edge Analytics 78
7.4.3 Edge Inference and Edge Training 80
7.5 Architectures for Edge AI networks 81
7.5.1 End-to-End Architecture for Edge AI 81
7.5.2 Decentralized Edge Intelligence 81
7.6 Level of Edge AI 83
7.7 Future Cloud Computing Perspective 85
7.7.1 Resource Management 85
7.7.2 Energy and Operational Constraints 86
7.7.3 Security, Trust, and Privacy 86
7.7.4 Intermittent Connectivity 87
7.8 Role of Edge AI in 6G 88
7.8.1 Communication and Computation with Human-in-the-Loop 88
7.8.2 Critical but Conflicting Actors and Applications 89
7.8.3 Edge AI and Emerging Technologies 89
7.8.4 Technology Meets Business 90
Acknowledgment 91
8 Intelligent Network Softwarization 93
8.1 Network Softwarization 93
8.2 Intelligent Network Softwarization 95
8.2.1 Service Function Chaining 95
8.2.2 Programmable Data Planes 96
8.2.3 In-Network Computing 97
9 6G Radio Access Networks 99
9.1 Key Aspects and Requirements 99
9.1.1 Flexibility 100
9.1.2 Massive Interconnectivity 101
9.1.3 Energy Efficiency 102
9.2 Aerial Radio Access Networks 103
9.3 AI-enabled RAN 108
9.4 Open RAN 112
Part III Technical Aspects 115
10 Security and Privacy of 6G 117
10.1 Introduction 117
10.2 Evolution of Mobile Security 118
10.3 6G Security Requirements 119
10.3.1 6G Security Vision and KPIs 119
10.4 Security Threat Landscape for 6G Architecture 121
10.4.1 Intelligence Radio and RAN-Core Convergence 123
10.4.2 Edge Intelligence and Cloudification of 6G Era 124
10.4.3 Specialized 6G Networks 125
10.4.4 Intelligence Network Management and Orchestration 125
10.4.5 Consumer End (Terminals and Users) 128
10.5 Security Challenges with 6G Applications 129
10.5.1 UAV-based Mobility 130
10.5.2 Holographic Telepresence 130
10.5.3 Extended Reality 131
10.5.4 Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) 131
10.5.5 Smart Grid 2.0 132
10.5.6 Industry 5.0 133
10.5.7 Digital Twin 133
10.6 Security Impact on New 6G Technologies 134
10.6.1 Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) 134
10.6.1.1 Threat Landscape 135
10.6.1.2 Possible Solutions 137
10.6.2 Quantum Computing 138
10.6.2.1 Threat Landscape 138
10.6.2.2 Possible Solutions 139
10.6.3 Distributed and Scalable AI/ML 140
10.6.3.1 Threat Landscape 141
10.6.3.2 Possible Solutions 142
10.6.4 Physical-Layer Security 142
10.6.4.1 TeraHertz Technology 142
10.6.4.2 Threat Landscape 143
10.6.4.3 Possible Solutions 143
10.6.4.4 Visible Light Communication Technology 144
10.6.4.5 Threat Landscape 144
10.6.4.6 Possible Solutions 144
10.6.4.7 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface 145
10.6.4.8 Threat Landscape 145
10.6.4.9 Possible Solutions 145
10.6.4.10 Molecular Communication (MC) 145
10.6.4.11 Threat Landscape 145
10.6.4.12 Possible Solutions 146
10.7 Privacy 146
11 Resource Efficient Networks 151
11.1 Energy-Efficient 6G Network Management 152
11.2 Energy-efficient Security 156
11.3 Efficient Resource Management 158
Acknowledgement 161
12 Harmonized Mobile Networks and Extreme Global Network Coverage 163
12.1 Harmonized Mobile Networks 163
12.2 Extreme Global Network Coverage 171
12.3 Limitations and Challenges 178
13 Legal Aspects and Standardization of 6G Networks 181
13.1 Legal Aspects 181
13.1.1 Recent Developments of Legal Frameworks 182
13.2 6G Standardization Efforts 183
13.2.1 European Telecommunications Standards Institute 183
13.2.2 Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) Alliance 185
13.2.3 Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) 185
13.2.4 Next G Alliance 185
13.2.5 5G Automotive Association 186
13.2.6 Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) 186
13.2.7 5G Alliance for Connected Industries and Automation (5G-ACIA) 186
13.2.8 Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 186
13.2.9 International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication (ITU-T) 187
13.2.10 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 187
13.2.11 Other SDOs 187
13.2.11.1 Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL) 187
13.2.11.2 Canadian Communication Systems Alliance (CCSA) 187
13.2.11.3 Telecommunications Standards Development Society, India (TSDSI) 188
13.2.11.4 Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA) 188
13.2.11.5 Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC) 188
Part IV Applications 189
14 6G for Healthcare 191
14.1 Evolution of Telehealth 191
14.2 Toward Intelligent Healthcare with 6G 192
14.3 Personalized Body Area Networks 193
14.4 XR for Healthcare Applications 194
14.5 Role of Blockchain in Medical Applications 195
14.6 Security and Privacy Aspects of 6G Healthcare Applications 196
15 Smart Cities and Society 5.0 197
15.1 Preliminaries of Smart Cities 197
15.2 6G for Smart Citizen 199
15.3 6G for Smart Transportation 201
15.4 6G for Smart Grid 204
15.5 6G for Supply Chain Management 207
15.6 6G for Other Smart Scenarios 209
Acknowledgement 210
16 Industrial Automation 211
16.1 Introduction 211
16.1.1.1 Motivations Behind the Evolution of Industry 5.0 212
16.2 Background of Industry 5.0 214
16.2.1 Definitions 215
16.2.2 Additional Features of Industry 5.0 216
16.2.2.1 Smart Additive Manufacturing 216
16.2.2.2 Predictive Maintenance 216
16.2.2.3 Hyper-Customization 217
16.2.2.4 Cyber Physical Cognitive Systems 218
16.3 Applications in Industry 5.0 218
16.3.1 Cloud Manufacturing 218
16.3.2 Digital Twins 220
16.3.3 Cobots (Collaborative Robots) 220
16.3.4 Supply Chain Management 221
16.3.5 Manufacturing/Production 222
16.4 Role of 6G in Industry 5.0 223
16.4.1 Internet of Everything 224
16.4.1.1 Big Data Analytics 224
16.4.1.2 Blockchain 225
16.4.2 Edge Computing 225
16.4.2.1 Other Enabling Technologies 226
17 Wild Applications 229
17.1 Introduction 229
17.2 Metaverse 229
17.3 Deep-Sea Explorations 231
17.4 Space Tourism 232
Acknowledgement 235
Part V Conclusion 237
18 Conclusion 239
Bibliography 241
Index 293
