Preface ix
About the Authors xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Why 3D Communications? 1
1.2 End-to-End 3D Visual Ecosystem 3
1.3 3D Visual Communications 10
1.4 Challenges and Opportunities 11
References 15
2 3D Graphics and Rendering 17
2.1 3DTV Content Processing Procedure 19
2.2 3D Scene Representation with Explicit Geometry - Geometry Based Representation 22
2.3 3D Scene Representation without Geometry - Image-Based Representation 43
2.4 3D Scene Representation with Implicit Geometry - Depth-Image-Based Representation 51
References 57
3 3D Display Systems 63
3.1 Depth Cues and Applications to 3D Display 63
3.2 Stereoscopic Display 65
3.3 Autostereoscopic Display 71
3.4 Multi-View System 78
3.5 Recent Advances in Hologram System Study 83
References 84
4 3D Content Creation 85
4.1 3D Scene Modeling and Creation 85
4.2 3D Content Capturing 87
4.3 2D-to-3D Video Conversion 101
4.4 3D Multi-View Generation 125
References 126
5 3D Video Coding and Standards 129
5.1 Fundamentals of Video Coding 129
5.2 Two-View Stereo Video Coding 142
5.3 Frame-Compatible Stereo Coding 144
5.4 Video Plus Depth Coding 148
5.5 Multiple View Coding 156
5.6 Multi-View Video Plus Depth (MVD) Video 160
5.7 Layered Depth Video (LDV) 163
5.8 MPEG-4 BIFS and AFX 165
5.9 Free-View Point Video 166
References 167
6 Communication Networks 171
6.1 IP Networks 171
6.2 Wireless Communications 174
6.3 Wireless Networking 193
6.4 4G Standards and Systems 193
References 203
7 Quality of Experience 205
7.1 3D Artifacts 205
7.2 QoE Measurement 220
7.3 QoE Oriented System Design 247
References 250
8 3D Video over Networks 259
8.1 Transmission-Induced Error 259
8.2 Error Resilience 267
8.3 Error Concealment 270
8.4 Unequal Error Protection 275
8.5 Multiple Description Coding 279
8.6 Cross-Layer Design 282
References 286
9 3D Applications 289
9.1 Glass-Less Two-View Systems 289
9.2 3D Capture and Display Systems 291
9.3 Two-View Gaming Systems 294
9.4 3D Mobile 298
9.5 Augmented Reality 302
References 309
10 Advanced 3D Video Streaming Applications 313
10.1 Rate Control in Adaptive Streaming 313
10.2 Multi-View Video View Switching 321
10.3 Peer-to-Peer 3D Video Streaming 325
10.4 3D Video Broadcasting 328
10.5 3D Video over 4G Networks 329
References 331
Index 335
