| Foreword | |
| Fundamentals of Radar | |
| Basic Principles | |
| The Radar Concept | |
| Pulsed Radar | |
| Doppler Radars | |
| Antennas | |
| Receivers and Signal Processors | |
| Display and Data Processing | |
| Functions and Applications | |
| Search and Warning | |
| Measurement and Tracking | |
| Imaging and Identification | |
| Functions Required in Typical Radar Applications | |
| Principles of Radar Evaluation | |
| System Performance Requirements | |
| Evaluation by Analysis | |
| Evaluation by Simulation | |
| Evaluation at Manufacturer's Plant | |
| Determination of Test Conditions | |
| Textbooks on Radar | |
| References | |
| Derivation of System Parameters | |
| Effects of the Environment | |
| Atmospheric Attenuation | |
| Clear Atmosphere | |
| Weather | |
| Dust and Smoke | |
| Chaff | |
| Propagation Factor | |
| Atmospheric Lens Loss | |
| Multipath Lobing | |
| Smooth-Sphere Diffraction | |
| Knife-Edge Diffraction | |
| Rough Surface Effects | |
| Clutter | |
| Land Clutter | |
| Sea Clutter | |
| Weather Clutter | |
| Chaff | |
| Birds and Insects | |
| Land Vehicles | |
| Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) | |
| Noise Jamming | |
| Deception Jamming | |
| Decoys | |
| Multipath Error | |
| Specular Reflection | |
| Diffuse Reflection | |
| Multipath over Vegetation | |
| Target Detection | |
| Search Function | |
| Detection Specification | |
| The Search Radar Equation | |
| Resolution | |
| Wavelength and Waveform | |
| Ambiguity | |
| Wavelength of a Search Radar | |
| Three-Dimensional Radar | |
| Tracking Function | |
| Acquisition Procedure | |
| Number of Targets and Data Rate | |
| Resolution and Accuracy | |
| Electronic Counter-Countermeasures | |
| Imaging and Target Identification | |
| Terrain Mapping | |
| Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) | |
| Range Profile Recognition | |
| Doppler Spectrum | |
| Inherent Resonances of Target | |
| Polarization Properties | |
| References | |
| Derivation of the Range Equation | |
| Received Signal Power | |
| Receiver Noise | |
| Noise Density and Power Example | |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio | |
| Loss Factors | |
| Solution for Maximum Range | |
| Range Calculation Using the Blake Chart | |
| Example of Blake Chart Calculation | |
| Computer Program | |
| The Search Radar Equation | |
| Derivation for Uniform Search | |
| Effective Angle for Cosecant-Squared Coverage | |
| Significance of the Search Radar Equation | |
| Search Loss Budgets | |
| Example of Search Radar Calculation | |
| Evaluation of Detection Range | |
| References | |
| Noise Statistics | |
| False-Alarm Probability | |
| Detection of One Signal Sample | |
| Losses in a Non-Ideal System | |
| Detector Loss | |
| Matching Loss | |
| Integration of Pulse Trains | |
| Coherent Integration | |
| Noncoherent (Video) Integration | |
| Binary Integration | |
| Cumulative Detection | |
| False-Alarm Time | |
| Losses Due to Pulse Integration | |
| Integrator Weighting Loss | |
| Collapsing Loss | |
| Detection of Fluctuating Targets | |
| Single-Sample Detection | |
| Fluctuation Loss | |
| Integration of Case 1 Signals | |
| Integration with Independent Signal Samples | |
| Other Target Models | |
| Diversity Gain | |
| Binary Integration on Fluctuating Targets | |
| Cumulative Detection on Fluctuating Targets | |
| Constant-False-Alarm-Rate Detection | |
| Evaluation of Detectability Factor | |
| References | |
| Definition of Radar Cross Section | |
| Equivalent Sphere | |
| Equivalent Antenna | |
| RCS of Simple Objects | |
| Peak RCS and Number of Lobes | |
| Wavelength Dependence of RCS | |
| RCS of Complex Targets | |
| Swerling Target Models | |
| Target Spectrum and Correlation Time | |
| Spatial Distribution of Cross Section | |
| Target Glint | |
| Angle, Range, and Doppler Glint | |
| Radar Clutter | |
| Surface Clutter | |
| Sea Clutter | |
| Land Clutter | |
| Volume Clutter | |
| Rain and Snow | |
| Chaff | |
| Spatial Extent of Volume Clutter | |
| Velocity Spectrum of Volume Clutter | |
| Amplitude Distribution of Volume Clutter | |
| Discrete Clutter Sources | |
| Jamming | |
| Noise Jamming | |
| Deception Jamming | |
| References | |
| Antenna Fundamentals | |
| Reciprocity of Antenna Patterns | |
| Four-Coordinate Radar Response | |
| Separable Angle Response | |
| Antenna Sidelobes | |
| Tapered Aperture Illumination | |
| Elliptical and Circular Apertures | |
| Reflector Antennas | |
| Cassegrain Reflector Antennas | |
| Efficiency of Reflector Antennas | |
| Phased Arrays | |
| Principle of Operation | |
| Antenna Pattern | |
| Thinned Arrays | |
| Phase Error Effects | |
| Phase Shifters | |
| Frequency Scanning | |
| Array Feed Systems | |
| Amplifier Arrays | |
| Ultra-Low-Sidelobe Antennas | |
| Definitions | |
| Scanning ULSA Systems | |
| Ultra-Low-Sidelobe Reflector Antennas | |
| Multiple-Beam Antennas | |
| Stacked-Beam Systems | |
| Digital Beam Forming | |
| References | |
| Waveform Design Considerations | |
| Pulse Compression | |
| Advantages of Pulse Compression Waveforms | |
| Linear FM Pulse Compression | |
| Nonlinear FM Pulse Compression | |
| Linear Step-FM | |
| Polyphase Coded Waveforms | |
| Frank Code Properties | |
| P-Code Properties | |
| Maximum-Length Phase-Code Pulse Compression | |
| Barker Codes | |
| Complementary Codes | |
| Moving Target Indication | |
| A Typical MTI Radar | |
| Delay-Line Canceller | |
| MTI Filter Performance | |
| Pulse Doppler Techniques | |
| Clutter Rejection in Doppler Processing | |
| Modem PD Signal Processing | |
| PRF Selection | |
| Loss Factors in PD Radar | |
| Impulse Radar | |
| Introduction | |
| The Radar Equation | |
| Baseband Transmitters | |
| Antennas | |
| Receivers | |
| References | |
| Atmospheric Attenuation | |
| Clear Atmosphere | |
| Attenuation in Precipitation | |
| Ionospheric Attenuation | |
| Atmospheric Noise Temperature | |
| Surface Reflection Effects | |
| Reflection from a Flat Surface | |
| Pattem-Propagation Factor | |
| Spherical Earth Reflection | |
| Reflection from Vegetation | |
| Multipath Errors | |
| Diffraction | |
| Diffraction over the Smooth Spherical Earth | |
| Diffraction beyond a Knife-Edge Obstacle | |
| Atmospheric Refraction | |
| Exponential Reference Atmosphere | |
| Elevation and Range Bias Errors | |
| Tropospheric Fluctuations | |
| Ducting | |
| Range-Height-Angle Charts | |
| References | |
| Two-Dimensional Air-Search Radar | |
| Coverage Pattern | |
| Aperture Size for 2D Radar | |
| Example of 2D Aperture Calculation | |
| Effective Beamwidth and Aperture | |
| Required Average Power for 2D Radar | |
| Multipath Lobing in 2D Radar | |
| Clutter Considerations in 2D Radar | |
| Wavelength, Waveform, and Dwell Time for 2D Search Radar | |
| Three-Dimensional Air-Search Radar | |
| Methods of Providing 3D Coverage | |
| Scanning Pencil Beam | |
| Partial Stacked Beams | |
| Stacked Beams | |
| Power-Aperture Product for 3D Search Radars | |
| Scanning Pencil Beam | |
| Partial Stacked Beams | |
| Stacked Beams | |
| Wavelength and Waveform for 3D Search Radar | |
| Surface Search Radar | |
| Shipbome Surface Search Radar | |
| Ground-Based Surface Search Radar | |
| Airbome Surface Search Radar | |
| Ground-Mapping Radar | |
| Real-Aperture Approach | |
| Synthetic-Aperture Approach | |
| SAR Range Equation | |
| Example of Synthetic Aperture Radar | |
| Tracking Radar Acquisition | |
| Target Designation Data | |
| Optical Designation | |
| 2D Search Radar Designation | |
| 3D Search Radar Designation | |
| Jammer Strobe Designation | |
| References | |
| Measurement Fundamentals | |
| Detection, Resolution, and Interpolation | |
| Basic Measurement Processes | |
| Precision of Measurement | |
| Angle Tracking and Measurement | |
| Sequential and Simultaneous Lobing | |
| The Conical-Scan Tracker | |
| Conical-Scan Response to Thermal Noise | |
| Conical-Scan Response to Target Scintillation | |
| Sector-Scanning Systems | |
| Signal Processing for Sector-Scanning Radar | |
| Response of Sector Scan to Thermal Noise | |
| Response of Sector Scan to Target Scintillation | |
| Monopulse Angle Tracking | |
| Amplitude-Comparison Monopulse | |
| Phase-Comparison Monopulse | |
| Monopulse Antennas | |
| Reflector and Lens Antennas | |
| Planar Array Antennas | |
| Space-Fed Array Antennas | |
| Monopulse Signal Processing | |
| Normalization of Error Signal | |
| Sensitivity to Thermal Noise | |
| Two-Channel Monopulse System | |
| Range Measurement and Tracking | |
| Optimum Range Estimator | |
| Range Estimator for a Single Pulse | |
| Correlator Implementation | |
| Time-Delay Error for Single Pulse | |
| Video Correlator | |
| Range Estimator for a Pulse Train | |
| Split-Gate Range Tracker | |
| Doppler Tracking | |
| Optimum Doppler Estimator | |
| Coherent Doppler Tracker | |
| Resolution of Doppler Ambiguities | |
| Four-Coordinate Tracking Radar | |
| References | |
| Mathematical Models of Error | |
| Definitions and Models | |
| Magnitude of Error | |
| Time Functions and Frequency Spectra | |
| Analysis of Angle Errors | |
| Classification of Error Components | |
| Description of Errors | |
| Clutter Errors | |
| Target Glint | |
| Cross-Polarization Error | |
| Dynamic Lag | |
| Combining of Error Components | |
| Angle Error in Scanning Radars | |
| Angle Error in Phased Array Radars | |
| Range Errors | |
| Receiver Delay | |
| Range-Doppler Coupling | |
| Doppler Errors | |
| References | |
| Radar Vulnerability to ECM | |
| Typical EW System | |
| Radar Vulnerability Analysis | |
| ECM Deployment and Tactics | |
| Active ECM | |
| Noise Jammers | |
| Deception Jammers | |
| Passive ECM | |
| Chaff | |
| Passive Decoys | |
| Electronic Counter Countermeasures | |
| Techniques to Reduce Sensitivity to ECM | |
| Antenna Techniques | |
| Receiver and Signal Processor Techniques | |
| Frequency Agility | |
| Techniques to Discriminate against ECM Signals | |
| Summary of ECM Effects and ECCM Responses | |
| Search Radar ECM and ECCM | |
| Track Radar ECM and ECCM | |
| References | |
| Requirements Analysis | |
| Performance Prediction | |
| Identification of Critical Performance Parameters | |
| Subsystem Performance Parameters | |
| System-Level Performance Parameters | |
| Evaluation by Simulation | |
| Subsystem Tests | |
| Antenna Measurements | |
| Transmitter Tests | |
| Receiver Tests | |
| Signal Processor Tests | |
| System Laboratory Tests | |
| Computer-Aided Testing | |
| Waveform Simulation | |
| System Laboratory Test Procedures | |
| Velocity Response | |
| Target Acquisition Time | |
| Simultaneous Target Handling Capacity | |
| Target Resolution | |
| Doppler Resolution | |
| Angle Resolution | |
| Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) | |
| ECM Vulnerability | |
| Target Classification | |
| System Field Testing | |
| Design of Field Tests | |
| Evaluation of Field Test Data | |
| Interpretation of Test Results | |
| System Field Test Procedures | |
| Detection Range and Coverage Measurements | |
| Subclutter Visibility (SCV) Measurements | |
| Range Resolution Measurement | |
| Angle Tracking Response | |
| Servo and Receiver Noise Measurements | |
| Angle Tracking Accuracy Measurement | |
| Thermal Noise Angle Error Measurement | |
| Clutter and Multipath Error Measurement | |
| Measurement of Errors Due to Target Noise | |
| Measurement of Susceptibility to Electromagnetic | |
| Interference (EMI) | |
| Tests for Vulnerability to ECM | |
| Testing Vulnerability of Radars to Interception and Location | |
| Target Discrimination Tests | |
| Target Acquisition Time | |
| Airbome Radar Field Tests | |
| References | |
| Glossary of Radar Terms | |
| List of Symbols Used | |
| Ideal Assumptions and Loss Factors | |
| Tables of Typical Target Cross Sections | |
| Clutter and Jamming Calculations | |
| Typical Antenna Patterns and Illumination Functions | |
| The Radar Ambiguity Function | |
| Multipath Error in Radar Measurement | |
| Specification for Radar ECCM Performance | |
| Typical Radar Systems | |
| Rules of Thumb and Sensitivity of Performance to Radar Parameters | |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
