Preface xi
List of Acronyms xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Structure of a Digital Communication System 3
1.2 Plan of the Book 7
1.3 Further Reading 8
Part I MODULATION AND DETECTION
2 Wireless Channels 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Mathematical Description of SISO Wireless Channels 16
2.2.1 Input-Output Characterization of a SISO Wireless Channel 16
2.2.2 Statistical Characterization of a SISO Wireless Channel 23
2.2.3 Reduced-Complexity Statistical Models for SISO Channels 36
2.3 Mathematical Description and Modeling of MIMO Wireless Channels 44
2.3.1 Input-Output Characterization of a MIMO Wireless Channel 45
2.3.2 Statistical Characterization of a MIMO Wireless Channel 50
2.3.3 Reduced-Complexity Statistical Modeling of MIMO Channels 57
2.4 Historical Notes 57
2.4.1 Large-Scale Fading Models 58
2.4.2 Small-Scale Fading Models 60
2.5 Further Reading 64
3 Digital Modulation Techniques 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 General Structure of a Digital Modulator 65
3.3 Representation of Digital Modulated Waveforms on an Orthonormal Basis 68
3.4 Bandwidth of Digital Modulations 70
3.5 Passband PAM 74
3.5.1 Signal Model 74
3.5.2 Constellation Selection 76
3.5.3 Data Block Transmission with Passband PAM Signals for Frequency-Domain Equalization 79
3.5.4 Power Spectral Density of Linear Modulations 80
3.6 Continuous Phase Modulation 86
3.6.1 Signal Model 86
3.6.2 Full-Response CPM 89
3.6.3 Partial-Response CPM 93
3.6.4 Multi-h CPM 98
3.6.5 Alternative Representations of CPM Signals 100
3.6.6 Data Block Transmission with CPM Signals for Frequency-Domain Equalization 107
3.6.7 Power Spectral Density of Continuous Phase Modulations 110
3.7 OFDM 116
3.7.1 Introduction 116
3.7.2 OFDM Signal Model 122
3.7.3 Power Spectral Density of OFDM 131
3.7.4 The PAPR Problem in OFDM 135
3.8 Lattice-Based Multidimensional Modulations 137
3.8.1 Lattices: Basic Definitions and Properties 137
3.8.2 Elementary Constructions of Lattices 144
3.9 Spectral Properties of a Digital Modulation at the Output of a Wireless Channel 146
3.10 Historical Notes 149
3.10.1 Passband PAM Signaling 149
3.10.2 CPM Signaling 151
3.10.3 MCM Signaling 152
3.10.4 Power Spectral Density of Digital Modulations 153
3.11 Further Reading 154
4 Detection of Digital Signals over Wireless Channels: Decision Rules 155
4.1 Introduction 155
4.2 Wireless Digital Communication Systems: Modeling, Receiver Architecture and Discretization of the Received Signal 156
4.2.1 General Model of a Wireless Communication System 156
4.2.2 Receiver Architectures 157
4.3 Optimum Detection in a Vector Communication System 159
4.3.1 Description of a Vector Communication System 159
4.3.2 Detection Strategies and Error Probabilities 159
4.3.3 MAP and ML Detection Strategies 162
4.3.4 Diversity Reception and Some Useful Theorems about Data Detection 167
4.4 Mathematical Models for the Receiver Vector 168
4.4.1 Extraction of a Set of Sufficient Statistics from the Received Signal 169
4.4.2 Received Vector for PAM Signaling 177
4.4.3 Received Vector for CPM Signaling 181
4.4.4 Received Vector for OFDM Signaling 184
4.5 Decision Strategies in the Presence of Channel Parameters: Optimal Metrics and Performance Bounds 188
4.5.1 Signal Model and Algorithm Classification 188
4.5.2 Detection for Transmission over of a Known Channel 189
4.5.3 Detection in the Presence of a Statistically Known Channel 198
4.5.4 Detection in the Presence of an Unknown Channel 205
4.6 Expectation-Maximization Techniques for Data Detection 207
4.6.1 The EM Algorithm 207
4.6.2 The Bayesian EM Algorithm 210
4.6.3 Initialization and Convergence of EM-Type Algorithms 213
4.6.4 Other EM Techniques 213
4.7 Historical Notes 214
4.8 Further Reading 216
5 Data-Aided Algorithms for Channel Estimation 217
5.1 Channel Estimation Techniques 218
5.1.1 Introduction 218
5.1.2 Feedforward Estimation 219
5.1.3 Recursive Estimation 222
5.1.4 The Principle of Per-Survivor Processing 227
5.2 Cram´er-Rao Bounds for Data-Aided Channel Estimation 228
5.3 Data-Aided CIR Estimation Algorithms in PATs 235
5.3.1 PAT Modeling and Optimization 235
5.3.2 A Signal Processing Perspective on PAT Techniques 238
5.4 Extensions to MIMO Channels 244
5.4.1 Channel Estimation in SC MIMO PATs 244
5.4.2 Channel Estimation in MC MIMO PATs 245
5.5 Historical Notes 245
5.6 Further Reading 247
6 Detection of Digital Signals over Wireless Channels: Channel Equalization Algorithms 249
6.1 Introduction 249
6.2 Channel Equalization of Single-Carrier Modulations: Known CIR 250
6.2.1 Channel Equalization in the Time Domain 250
6.2.2 Channel Equalization in the Frequency Domain 281
6.3 Channel Equalization of Multicarrier Modulations: Known CIR 286
6.3.1 Optimal Detection in the Absence of IBI and ICI 287
6.3.2 ICI Cancelation Techniques for Time-Varying Channels 289
6.3.3 Equalization Strategies for IBI Compensation 292
6.4 Channel Equalization of Single Carrier Modulations: Statistically Known CIR 292
6.4.1 MLSD 292
6.4.2 Other Equalization Strategies with Frequency-Flat Fading 299
6.5 Channel Equalization of Multicarrier Modulations: Statistically Known CIR 301
6.6 Joint Channel and Data Estimation: Single-Carrier Modulations 302
6.6.1 Adaptive MLSD 302
6.6.2 PSP MLSD 303
6.6.3 Adaptive MAPBD/MAPSD 305
6.6.4 Equalization Strategies Employing Reference-Based Channel Estimators with Frequency-Flat Fading 306
6.7 Joint Channel and Data Estimation: Multicarrier Modulations 307
6.7.1 Pilot-Based Equalization Techniques 308
6.7.2 Semiblind Equalization Techniques 310
6.8 Extensions to the MIMO Systems 311
6.8.1 Equalization Techniques for Single-Carrier MIMO Communications 311
6.8.2 Equalization Techniques for MIMO-OFDM Communications 314
6.9 Historical Notes 315
6.10 Further Reading 319
Part II INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING SCHEMES
7 Elements of Information Theory 323
7.1 Introduction 323
7.2 Capacity for Discrete Sources and Channels 323
7.2.1 The Discrete Memoryless Channel 324
7.2.2 The Continuous-Output Channel 325
7.2.3 Channel Capacity 326
7.3 Capacity of MIMO Fading Channels 330
7.3.1 Frequency-Flat Fading Channel 330
7.3.2 MIMO Channel Capacity 332
7.3.3 Random Channel 335
7.4 Historical Notes 337
7.5 Further Reading 338
8 An Introduction to Channel Coding Techniques 339
8.1 Basic Principles 339
8.2 Interleaving 341
8.3 Taxonomy of Channel Codes 343
8.4 Taxonomy of Coded Modulations 344
8.5 Organization of the Following Chapters 346
8.6 Historical Notes 346
8.7 Further Reading 347
9 Classical Coding Schemes 349
9.1 Block Codes 349
9.1.1 Introduction 349
9.1.2 Structure of Linear Codes over GF(q) 350
9.1.3 Properties of Linear Block Codes 352
9.1.4 Cyclic Codes 357
9.1.5 Other Relevant Linear Block Codes 369
9.1.6 Decoding Techniques for Block Codes 371
9.1.7 Error Performance 388
9.2 Convolutional Codes 390
9.2.1 Introduction 390
9.2.2 Properties of Convolutional Codes 394
9.2.3 Maximum Likelihood Decoding of Convolutional Codes 408
9.2.4 MAP Decoding of Convolutional Codes 413
9.2.5 Sequential Decoding of Convolutional Codes 419
9.2.6 Error Performance of ML Decoding of Convolutional Codes 422
9.3 Classical Concatenated Coding 432
9.3.1 Parallel Concatenation: Product Codes 432
9.3.2 Serial Concatenation: Outer RS Code 434
9.4 Historical Notes 435
9.4.1 Algebraic Coding 435
9.4.2 Probabilistic Coding 438
9.5 Further Reading 439
10 Modern Coding Schemes 441
10.1 Introduction 441
10.2 Concatenated Convolutional Codes 442
10.2.1 Parallel Concatenated Coding Schemes 442
10.2.2 Serially Concatenated Coding Schemes 444
10.2.3 Hybrid Concatenated Coding Schemes 445
10.3 Concatenated Block Codes 445
10.4 Other Modern Concatenated Coding Schemes 446
10.4.1 Repeat and Accumulate Codes 446
10.4.2 Serial Concatenation of Coding Schemes and Differential Modulations 447
10.5 Iterative Decoding Techniques for Concatenated Codes 448
10.5.1 The Turbo Principle 448
10.5.2 SiSo Decoding Algorithms 455
10.5.3 Applications 459
10.5.4 Performance Bounds 465
10.6 Low-Density Parity Check Codes 468
10.6.1 Definition and Classification 468
10.6.2 Graphic Representation of LDPC Codes via Tanner Graphs 468
10.6.3 Minimum Distance and Weight Spectrum 471
10.6.4 LDPC Code Design Approaches 472
10.6.5 Efficient Algorithms for LDPC Encoding 477
10.7 Decoding Techniques for LDPC Codes 478
10.7.1 Introduction to Decoding via Message Passing Algorithms 478
10.7.2 SPA and MSA 481
10.7.3 Technical Issues on LDPC Decoding via MP 489
10.8 Codes on Graphs 494
10.9 Historical Notes 501
10.10 Further Reading 503
11 Signal Space Codes 505
11.1 Introduction 505
11.2 Trellis Coding with Expanded Signal Sets 505
11.2.1 Code Construction 506
11.2.2 Decoding Algorithms 517
11.2.3 Error Performance 518
11.3 Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation 520
11.3.1 Code Construction 520
11.3.2 Decoding Algorithms 521
11.3.3 Error Performance 522
11.4 Modulation Codes Based on Multilevel Coding 524
11.4.1 Code Construction for AWGN Channels 524
11.4.2 Multistage Decoder 528
11.4.3 Error Performance 529
11.4.4 Multilevel Codes for Rayleigh Flat Fading Channels 530
11.5 Space-Time Coding 531
11.5.1 ST Coding for Frequency-Flat Fading Channels 531
11.5.2 ST Coding for Frequency-Selective Fading Channels 561
11.6 Historical Notes 565
11.7 Further Reading 566
12 Combined Equalization and Decoding 567
12.1 Introduction 567
12.2 Noniterative Techniques 568
12.3 Algorithms for Combined Equalization and Decoding 571
12.3.1 Introduction 571
12.3.2 Turbo Equalization from a FG Perspective 575
12.3.3 Reduced-Complexity Techniques for SiSo Equalization 580
12.3.4 Turbo Equalization in the FD 583
12.3.5 Turbo Equalization in the Presence of an Unknown Channel 585
12.4 Extension to MIMO 586
12.5 Historical Notes 588
12.5.1 Reduced-Complexity SiSo Equalization 588
12.5.2 Error Performance and Convergence Speed in Turbo Equalization 588
12.5.3 SiSo Equalization Algorithms in the Frequency Domain 589
12.5.4 Use of Precoding 589
12.5.5 Turbo Equalization and Factor Graphs 589
12.5.6 Turbo Equalization for MIMO Systems 589
12.5.7 Related Techniques 590
12.6 Further Reading 590
Appendix A Fourier Transforms 591
Appendix B Power Spectral Density of Random Processes 593
B.1 Power Spectral Density of a Wide-Sense Stationary Random Process 593
B.2 Power Spectral Density of a Wide-Sense Cyclostationary Random Process 594
B.3 Power Spectral Density of a Bandpass Random Process 595
Appendix C Matrix Theory 597
Appendix D Signal Spaces 601
D.1 Representation of Deterministic Signals 601
D.1.1 Basic Definitions 601
D.1.2 Representation of Deterministic Signals via Orthonormal Bases 602
D.2 Representation of Random Signals via Orthonormal Bases 606
Appendix E Groups, Finite Fields and Vector Spaces 609
E.1 Groups 609
E.2 Fields 611
E.2.1 Axiomatic Definition of a Field and Finite Fields 611
E.2.2 Polynomials and Extension Fields 612
E.2.3 Other Definitions and Properties 616
E.2.4 Computation Techniques for Finite Fields 620
E.3 Vector Spaces 622
Appendix F Error Function and Related Functions 625
References 629
Index 713
