List of Contributors xviii
Foreword xx
Acknowledgements xxi
1 Introduction 1
Deborah Greaves and Gregorio Iglesias
1.1 Background
1 1.2 History of Wave and Tidal Energy 3
1.3 Unknowns and Challenges Remaining for Wave and Tidal Energy 5
1.4 Synopsis 11
References 12
2 The Marine Resource 15
Gregorio Iglesias
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 The Wave Resource 15
2.3 The Tidal Stream Resource 31
Acknowledgements 47
References 47
3 Wave Energy Technology 52
Deborah Greaves
3.1 Introduction 52
3.2 Fundamentals 56
3.3 Hydrodynamics of Wave Energy Conversion 64
3.4 Classification of Wave Energy Converters 73
3.5 Oscillating Water Columns 76
3.6 Overtopping Systems 83
3.7 Oscillating Bodies 85
3.8 Other Technologies 95
3.9 The Wave Energy Array 95
References 97
4 Tidal Energy Technology 105
Tim O'Doherty, Daphne M. O'Doherty and Allan Mason?]Jones
4.1 General Introduction 105
4.2 Location of Operation 105
4.3 Environmental Impacts 106
4.4 Tides 107
4.5 Tidal Range Generation 108
4.6 Tidal Stream 111
4.7 Types of Devices 126
4.8 Oscillating Hydrofoils 129
4.9 Venturi Effect Devices 130
4.10 Other Devices 130
4.11 Computational Fluid Dynamics 132
4.12 Security, Installation and Maintenance 138
4.13 Worked Examples 141
References 146
5 Device Design 151
Lars Johanning, Sam D. Weller, Phillip R. Thies, Brian Holmes and John Griffiths
5.1 Standards and Certification in Marine Energy 151
5.2 Reliability 161
5.3 Moorings and Anchors 169
5.4 Foundations 178
References 185
6 Power Systems 191
Andrew R. Plummer, Andrew J. Hillis and Carlos Perez?]Collazo
6.1 Introduction to Power Take?]Off Systems 191
6.2 Electrical Generators 194
6.3 Turbines for WEC Power Take?]Off 200
6.4 Hydraulic Power Transmission Systems 206
6.5 Hydraulic PTO Designs for WECs 212
6.6 Direct Mechanical Power Take?]Off 214
6.7 Control for Maximum Energy Capture 215
6.8 Electrical Infrastructure and Grid Integration 221
6.9 Summary of Challenges for PTO Design and Development 229
References 230
7 Physical Modelling 233
Martyn Hann and Carlos Perez?]Collazo
7.1 Introduction 233
7.2 Device Development and Test Planning 234
7.3 Scaling and Similitude 234
7.3.1 Scaling MRE Devices 239
7.3.2 Common Problems Scaling MRE Devices 240
7.4 Model Design and Construction 241
7.5 Fixing and Mooring 247
7.6 Instrumentation 248
7.7 Model Calibration 258
7.8 Modelling the Environment 264
7.9 Test Facilities 271
7.10 Recommended Tests 274
References 283
8 Numerical Modelling 289
Thomas Vyzikas and Deborah Greaves
8.1 Introduction 289
8.2 Review of Hydrodynamics 292
8.3 Numerical Modelling Techniques 310
8.4 Numerical Modelling of Water Waves 325
8.5 Commonly Used Open?]Source Software 331
8.6 Applicability of Numerical Models in MRE 346
References 351
9 Environmental Effects 364
Gregorio Iglesias, Javier Abanades Tercero, Teresa Simas, Ines Machado and Erica Cruz
9.1 Introduction364
9.2 Wave Farm Effects on the Wave Field 364
9.3 Wave Farm Effects on Coastal Processes 391
9.4 Tidal Stream Farm Effects on Hydrodynamics and Sedimentary Processes 414
9.5 Marine Biota 415
9.6 The Environmental Impact Assessment 425
References 443
10 Consenting and Legal Aspects 455
Anne Marie O'Hagan
10.1 Introduction 455
10.2 International Law 456
10.3 Regional Law 462
10.4 EU Law and Policy 464
10.5 National Consenting Systems 478
10.6 Gaps and Opportunities 499
Acknowledgement 504
References 504
11 The Economics of Wave and Tidal Energy 513
Gregorio Iglesias, Sharay Astariz and Angela Vazquez
11.1 Individual Costs 513
11.2 Levelised Cost 518
11.3 Externalities 522
References 526
12 Project Development 533
Paul Vigars, Kwangsoo Lee, Sungwon Shin, Boel Ekergard, Mats Leijon, Yago Torre?]Enciso, Dorleta Marina and Deborah Greaves
12.1 Introduction 533
12.2 Alstom Ocean Energy OCEADE? Tidal Stream Turbine: The Route to Commercial Readiness 533
12.3 Seabased Wave Energy Converter 544
12.4 Lake Sihwa Tidal Power Plant, Korea 549
12.5 Mutriku Wave Power Plant 563
References 584
13 Regional Activities 587
Deborah Greaves, Carlos Perez?]Collazo, Curran Crawford, Bradley Buckham, Vanesa Magar, Francisco Acuna, Sungwon Shin, Hongda Shi and Chenyu
13.1 Europe 587
13.2 North America 601
13.3 Latin America 616
13.4 Asia?]Pacific 626
13.5 China 630
References 647
Epilogue: The Future of Wave and Tidal Energy 659
Deborah Greaves
Index 662
