Preface ix
1 The Background 1
1.1 Meet the cast 1
1.2 Food for microbes 13
1.3 Basic molecular biology 15
2 Microbes and Health 19
2.1 Microbes in the body 19
2.2 Defences against infection 26
3 Microbial Infections 33
3.1 Diseases of the past 33
3.2 Diseases of the present 45
3.3 Opportunist infections 50
3.4 'New' diseases 52
3.5 Animal diseases 58
4 Prevention and Cure 63
4.1 Epidemics 63
4.2 Antibiotics 72
5 Microbes and Food - Friend and Foe 83
5.1 Food spoilage 83
5.2 Food preservation 86
5.3 Fermented foods 88
5.4 Food poisoning and food-borne diseases 91
6 Microbes and the Environment 97
6.1 Water 100
6.2 Soil 107
6.3 Plants 108
6.4 Biodegradation 112
6.5 Extreme environments 116
7 Microbial Evolution - Genes and Genomes 119
7.1 Evolution and inheritance 119
7.2 Horizontal gene transfer 122
7.3 Variation in gene expression 128
7.4 Gene cloning and sequencing 131
8 Microbial Development and Communication 141
8.1 Cell division 141
8.2 Motility 145
8.3 Biofilms 146
8.4 Quorum sensing 150
8.5 Bacterial sporulation 152
8.6 Multicellular behaviour 153
8.7 Biological clocks 156
9 Microbial Biotechnology - Practical Uses of Microbes 159
9.1 Amino acids 160
9.2 Biofuels 161
9.3 Microbes and metals 163
9.4 Oil spills 166
9.5 Sewage and water treatment 168
9.6 Antibiotics and other medical products 170
9.7 Vaccines 172
9.8 Proteins 177
10 Controversies and Speculations 181
10.1 Evolution and the origins of life 181
10.2 Is there life elsewhere in the universe? 186
10.3 Creating new life 187
10.4 Is it safe? Assessment of risk, risk versus benefit 187
10.5 Superbugs and killer viruses 192
10.6 Microbes and climate change 193
10.7 Microbes and non-infectious diseases 195
10.8 Epilogue 200
Appendix 1: Explanations 201
A1.1 Monomers and polymers 201
A1.1.1 Sugars and polysaccharides 201
A1.1.2 Amino acids and proteins 202
A1.1.3 Nucleic acids 204
A1.1.4 Fats and lipids 205
A1.2 Enzymes and catalysis 206
A1.2.1 Oxidation and reduction, respiration and photosynthesis 206
A1.2.2 Hydrolysis 208
A1.2.3 Polymerization 208
Appendix 2: Abbreviations and Terminology 211
A2.1 Abbreviations and jargon 211
A2.2 Numbers 213
A2.3 Units 214
Appendix 3: Further Reading 215
Subject Index 217
Index of Names 229
