List of Figures xi
Preface xiii
List of Notation xv
Acronyms xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Empirical Examples 1
1.2 Overview 6
2 Stationary Processes 11
2.1 Stochastic Processes 11
2.2 Ergodicity 14
2.3 Memory and Persistence 22
2.4 Technical Appendix: Proofs 25
3 Moving Averages and Linear Processes 27
3.1 Infinite Series and Summability 27
3.2 Wold Decomposition and Invertibility 32
3.3 Persistence versus Memory 37
3.4 Autoregressive Moving Average Processes 47
3.5 Technical Appendix: Proofs 51
4 Frequency Domain Analysis 57
4.1 Decomposition into Cycles 57
4.2 Complex Numbers and Transfer Functions 62
4.3 The Spectrum 63
4.4 Parametric Spectra 68
4.5 (Asymptotic) Properties of the Periodogram 72
4.6 Whittle Estimation 76
4.7 Technical Appendix: Proofs 81
5 Differencing and Integration 89
5.1 Integer Case 89
5.2 Approximating Sequences and Functions 91
5.3 Fractional Case 95
5.4 Technical Appendix: Proofs 99
6 Fractionally Integrated Processes 103
6.1 Definition and Properties 103
6.2 Examples and Discussion 108
6.3 Nonstationarity and Type I Versus II 114
6.4 Practical Issues 118
6.5 Frequency Domain Assumptions 120
6.6 Technical Appendix: Proofs 123
7 Sample Mean 127
7.1 Central Limit Theorem for I(0) Processes 127
7.2 Central Limit Theorem for I(d) Processes 129
7.3 Functional Central Limit Theory 132
7.4 Inference About the Mean 139
7.5 Sample Autocorrelation 141
7.6 Technical Appendix: Proofs 145
8 Parametric Estimators 149
8.1 Parametric Assumptions 149
8.2 Exact Maximum Likelihood Estimation 150
8.3 Conditional Sum of Squares 154
8.4 Parametric Whittle Estimation 156
8.5 Log-periodogram Regression of FEXP Processes 161
8.6 Fractionally Integrated Noise 164
8.7 Technical Appendix: Proofs 165
9 Semiparametric Estimators 169
9.1 Local Log-periodogram Regression 169
9.2 Local Whittle Estimation 175
9.3 Finite Sample Approximation 182
9.4 Bias Approximation and Reduction 184
9.5 Bandwidth Selection 188
9.6 Global Estimators 193
9.7 Technical Appendix: Proofs 195
10 Testing 197
10.1 Hypotheses on Fractional Integration 197
10.2 Rescaled Range or Variance 199
10.3 The Score Test Principle 204
10.4 Lagrange Multiplier (LM) Test 205
10.5 LM Test in the Frequency Domain 210
10.6 Regression-based LM Test 213
10.7 Technical Appendix: Proofs 218
11 Further Topics 223
11.1 Model Selection and Specification Testing 223
11.2 Spurious Long Memory 226
11.3 Forecasting 229
11.4 Cyclical and Seasonal Models 231
11.5 Long Memory in Volatility 234
11.6 Fractional Cointegration 236
11.7 R Packages 240
11.8 Neglected Topics 241
Bibliography 245
Index 267
